- CYCLOPEPTIDE ALKALOIDS FROM MELOCHIA CORCHORIFOLIA
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Adouetine-y' and a new cyclopeptide alkaloide, melofoline, have been isolated from Melochia corchorifolia.The latter was characterized mainly from its mass spectrum and hydrolysis products.Melofoline has N,N-dimethyl-β-hydroxyleucine as the terminal amino acid and 2-aminobutyric acid as the ring amino acid, neither of which has been found in these positions before. Key Word Index--Melochia corchorifolia; Sterculiaceae; aerial parts; cyclopeptide alkaloids; adouetine-y'; melofoline.
- Bhakuni, Rajendra S.,Shukla, Yogendra N.,Thakur, Raghunath S.
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Read Online
- Direct Synthesis of Free α-Amino Acids by Telescoping Three-Step Process from 1,2-Diols
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A practical telescoping three-step process for the syntheses of α-amino acids from the corresponding 1,2-diols has been developed. This process enables the direct synthesis of free α-amino acids without any protection/deprotection step. This method was also effective for the preparation of a 15N-labeled α-amino acid. 1,2-Diols bearing α,β-unsaturated ester moieties afforded bicyclic α-amino acids through intramolecular [3 + 2] cycloadditions. A preliminary study suggests that the resultant α-amino acids are resolvable by aminoacylases with almost complete selectivity.
- Inada, Haruki,Shibuya, Masatoshi,Yamamoto, Yoshihiko
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supporting information
p. 709 - 713
(2019/01/25)
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- Catalytic amino acid production from biomass-derived intermediates
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Amino acids are the building blocks for protein biosynthesis and find use in myriad industrial applications including in food for humans, in animal feed, and as precursors for bio-based plastics, among others. However, the development of efficient chemical methods to convert abundant and renewable feedstocks into amino acids has been largely unsuccessful to date. To that end, here we report a heterogeneous catalyst that directly transforms lignocellulosic biomass-derived α-hydroxyl acids into α-amino acids, including alanine, leucine, valine, aspartic acid, and phenylalanine in high yields. The reaction follows a dehydrogenation-reductive amination pathway, with dehydrogenation as the rate-determining step. Ruthenium nanoparticles supported on carbon nanotubes (Ru/CNT) exhibit exceptional efficiency compared with catalysts based on other metals, due to the unique, reversible enhancement effect of NH3 on Ru in dehydrogenation. Based on the catalytic system, a two-step chemical process was designed to convert glucose into alanine in 43% yield, comparable with the well-established microbial cultivation process, and therefore, the present strategy enables a route for the production of amino acids from renewable feedstocks. Moreover, a conceptual process design employing membrane distillation to facilitate product purification is proposed and validated. Overall, this study offers a rapid and potentially more efficient chemical method to produce amino acids from woody biomass components.
- Deng, Weiping,Wang, Yunzhu,Zhang, Sui,Gupta, Krishna M.,Hülsey, Max J.,Asakura, Hiroyuki,Liu, Lingmei,Han, Yu,Karp, Eric M.,Beckham, Gregg T.,Dyson, Paul J.,Jiang, Jianwen,Tanaka, Tsunehiro,Wang, Ye,Yan, Ning
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p. 5093 - 5098
(2018/05/23)
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- A metagenomics approach for new biocatalyst discovery: Application to transaminases and the synthesis of allylic amines
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Transaminase enzymes have significant potential for the sustainable synthesis of amines using mild aqueous reaction conditions. Here a metagenomics mining strategy has been used for new transaminase enzyme discovery. Starting from oral cavity microbiome samples, DNA sequencing and bioinformatics analyses were performed. Subsequent in silico mining of a library of contiguous reads built from the sequencing data identified 11 putative Class III transaminases which were cloned and overexpressed. Several screening protocols were used and three enzymes selected of interest due to activities towards substrates covering a wide structural diversity. Transamination of functionalized cinnamaldehydes was then investigated for the production of valuable amine building blocks.
- Baud, Damien,Jeffries, Jack W. E.,Moody, Thomas S.,Ward, John M.,Hailes, Helen C.
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p. 1134 - 1143
(2017/08/14)
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- Processing technique of L-2-amino butyramide hydrochloride
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The invention relates to a processing technique of L-2-amino butyramide hydrochloride. The processing technique includes: using 2-chlorobutyric acid as a raw material and hexamethylenetetramine as a catalyst to prepare 2-aminobutyric acid; using L-tartaric acid to resolve 2-aminobutyric acid to obtain L-2-aminobutyric acid, acrylating L-2-aminobutyric acid to obtain L-2-aminobutyryl compound, and obtaining L-2-amino butyramide hydrochloride under the condition of ammonia water. The processing technique has the advantages that by the processing technique, reaction yield is increased, and byproducts are few. In addition, the processing technique is mild in reaction condition, easy in reaction control, low in cost, high in yield, high in product purity, low in equipment requirement and suitable for industrial production, and technique safety is improved greatly.
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Paragraph 0017; 0018
(2017/02/02)
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- FUNCTIONALIZED FLUORINE CONTAINING PHTHALOCYANINE MOLECULES
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Functionalized fluorine containing phthalocyanine molecules, methods of making, and methods of use in diagnostic applications and disease treatment are disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the fluorine containing phthalocyanine molecules are functionalized with a reactive functional group or at least one cancer-targeting ligand (CTL). The CTL can facilitate more efficient binding and/or internalization to a cancer cell than to a healthy cell. The CTL can inhibit expression of oncoprotein in some embodiments. The pthalocyanine moiety can be used in diagnostic applications, such as fluorescence labeling of a cancer cell, and/or treatment applications, such as catalyzing formation of a reactive oxygen species (ROS) which can contribute to cell death of a cancer cell.
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- Meteorites as catalysts for prebiotic chemistry
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From outer space: Twelve meteorite specimens, representative of their major classes, catalyse the synthesis of nucleobases, carboxylic acids, aminoacids and low-molecular-weight compounds from formamide (see figure). Different chemical pathways are identified, the yields are high for a prebiotic process and the products come in rich and composite panels.
- Saladino, Raffaele,Botta, Giorgia,Delfino, Michela,Di Mauro, Ernesto
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p. 16916 - 16922
(2014/01/06)
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- Biocatalytic asymmetric synthesis of unnatural amino acids through the cascade transfer of amino groups from primary amines onto keto acids
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Flee to the hills: An unfavorable equilibrium in the amino group transfer between amino acids and keto acids catalyzed by α-transaminases was successfully overcome by coupling with a ω-transaminase reaction as an equilibrium shifter, leading to efficient asymmetric synthesis of diverse unnatural amino acids, including L-tert-leucine and D-phenylglycine. Copyright
- Park, Eul-Soo,Dong, Joo-Young,Shin, Jong-Shik
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p. 3538 - 3542
(2014/01/06)
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- Radiation chemical studies of methionine in aqueous solution: Understanding the role of molecular oxygen
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The oxidation of methionine is an important reaction in the biological milieu. Despite a few decades of intense studies, several fundamental aspects remain to be defined. We have investigated in detail the γ-radiolysis of free methionine in the absence and presence of molecular oxygen followed by product characterization and quantification. The primary site of attack by HO? radicals and H? atoms is the sulfur atom of methionine. We have disclosed that HO? radicals do not oxidize methionine to the corresponding sulfoxide in either the presence or the absence of oxygen; the oxidizing species is H2O2 derived either from the radiolysis of water or from the disproportionation of the byproduct O2?-. 3-Methylthiopropionaldehyde is the major product of HO? radical attack in the presence of molecular oxygen. Together with the direct oxidation at sulfur as the major product, the potential of H? atoms is also proven to be highly specific for sulfur atom attack under anoxic and aerobic conditions. The major products derived from the H? atoms attack are found to be α-aminobutyric acid or homoserine, in the absence or presence of oxygen, respectively. All together, these results help clarify the fate of methionine related to a biological environment and offer a molecular basis for envisaging other possible pathways of in vivo degradation as well as other markers.
- Barata-Vallejo, Sebastian,Ferreri, Carla,Postigo, Al,Chatgilialoglu, Chryssostomos
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scheme or table
p. 258 - 263
(2011/02/26)
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- METHOD FOR SYNTHESIS OF KETO ACID OR AMINO ACID BY HYDRATION OF ACETHYLENE COMPOUND
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An object of the present invention is to provide a method for synthesis of keto acids by hydration of an acetylene compound (acetylene-carboxylic acids) under mild conditions free from harmful mercury catalysts and a method for synthesis of amino acids from acetylene-carboxylic acids in a single container (one-pot or tandem synthesis). In one embodiment of the method according to the present invention for synthesis of keto acids, acetylene-carboxylic acids is hydrated in the presence of a metal salt represented by General Formula (1), where M1 represents an element in Group VIII, IX, or X of the periodic table, and X1, X2, or X3 ligand represents halogen, H2O, or a solvent molecule, and k represents a valence of a cation species, and Y represents an anion species, and L represents a valence of the anion species, and each of K and L independently represents 1 or 2, and k × m = L × n.
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Page/Page column 25; 26; 27
(2008/12/06)
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- METHOD OF SEPARATING AND COLLECTING OPTICALLY ACTIVE AMINO ACID AMIDE
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[PROBLEMS] To provide a method of efficiently separating and collecting an optically active amino acid amide and an optically active amino acid, which are highly important substances as intermediates in producing various industrial products, pesticides and medicines, from an aqueous solution containing the optically active amino acid amide and the optically active amino acid. [MEANS FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS] In separating and collecting an optically active amino acid amide from an aqueous solution containing the optically active amino acid amide and an optically active amino acid by using the difference in solubility in an organic solvent between the optically active amino acid amide and the optically active amino acid, the separation/collection procedures are carried out, without desalting the aqueous solution or after desalting the same, under such conditions that the ratio (C/A) of the sum of the anionic equivalents (A) contained in the aqueous solution to the sum of the cation equivalents (C) ranges from 0.95 to 1.05 in the case of the non-desalted aqueous solution, or from 0.5 to 1.5 in the case of the desalted aqueous solution.
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Page/Page column 11-12;13
(2008/06/13)
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- Process for producing beta-1, 3-n-acetylglucosamine transferase and n-acetylglucosamine- containing composite saccharide
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The present invention can provide a process for producing a protein having β1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity using a transformant comprising a DNA encoding a protein having β1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity derived from a microorganism belonging to the genus Pasteurella and a process for producing an N-acetylglucosamine-containing complex carbohydrate using a transformant capable of producing a protein having β1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity derived from a microorganism.
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- METHOD OF SEARCHING SUBSTANE HAVING ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY
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The present invention provides a screening method of a substance which inhibits binding of a condensed purine derivative to a pancreatic β cell or a treated product of the cell, a substance which inhibits binding of a condensed purine derivative to a protein capable of the condensed purine derivative, and a substance which inhibits the expression or enzymatic activity of a protein capable of a condensed purine derivative, which comprises using the condensed purine derivative and a pancreatic β cell or a treated product of the cell or a protein capable of binding to the condensed purine derivative.
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- Process for producing alpha 2,3/ alpha 2,8-sialyltransferase and sialic acid-containing complex sugar
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The present invention can provide a process for producing a protein having α2,3/α2,8-sialyltransferase activity using a transformant comprising a DNA encoding a protein having α2,3/α2,8-sialyltransferase activity derived from a microorganism belonging to the genus Pasteurella and a process for producing a sialic acid-containing complex carbohydrate using a transformant capable of producing a protein having α2,3/α2,8-sialyltransferase activity derived from a microorganism.
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- Synthetic method for amino acid using the water of high temperature and high pressure
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PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method for synthesizing a prescribed amino acid by the high temperature and high pressure reaction. SOLUTION: The substitution reaction is occured and the aimed amino acid (for example, alanine) can be synthesized, by means of giving the high temperature and high pressure water reaction (for example, 240 C and 30 sec), under the condition where the both raw materials of the oxo acid (for example, pyruvic acid) and the amino acid (for example, glycine) exist at the same time. Moreover, the yield of the amino acid can be improved by adjusting the pH of the solution to lower one, before this high temperature and high pressure water reaction is given..
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Page/Page column 13
(2008/06/13)
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- Beta1, 3-galactose transferase and dna encoding the enzyme
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The present invention provides a protein having β1,3-galactosyltransferase activity, a DNA encoding the protein, a transformant comprising the DNA, a process for producing the protein using the transformant, and a process for producing a galactose-containing complex carbohydrate using the transformant.
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- Process for producing alpha1,4-galactosyltransferase and galactose-containing complex sugar
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The present invention can provide a process for producing a protein having α1.4-galactosyltransferase activity using a transformant comprising a DNA encoding a protein having α1.4-galactosyltransferase activity derived from a microorganism belonging to the genus Pasteurella and a process for producing a galactose-containing complex carbohydrate using a transformant capable of producing a protein having α1,4-galactosyltransferase activity derived from a microorganism.
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- Human CDR-grafted antibody and antibody fragment thereof
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A human CDR-grafted antibody or the antibody fragment thereof which specifically reacts with the extracellular region of human CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) but does not react with a human blood platelet; a human CDR-grafted antibody or the antibody fragment thereof which specifically reacts with the extracellular region of CCR4 and has a cytotoxic activity against a CCR4-expressing cell; and a medicament, a therapeutic agent or a diagnostic agent comprising at least one of the antibodies and the antibody fragments thereof as an active ingredient.
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- Zinc/ammonium formate: A new facile system for the rapid and selective reduction of oximes to amines
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Various oximes, both aldoximes and ketoximes, are selectively reduced to corresponding amines employing low cost zinc dust and ammonium formate despite presence of other functional groups such as halogens, -OH, -OCH3, -COOH, -CN, > C = C 3.
- Abiraj,Gowda, D. Channe
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p. 332 - 334
(2007/10/03)
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- Raney copper
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Raney copper which is doped with at least one metal from the group comprising iron and/or noble metals is used as a catalyst in the dehydrogenation of alcohols.
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- Gene recombinant antibody and antibody fragment thereof
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A recombinant antibody or the antibody fragment thereof which specifically reacts with an extracellular domain of human CCR4; a DNA which encodes the recombinant antibody or the antibody fragment thereof; a method for producing the recombinant antibody or the antibody fragment thereof; a method for immunologically detecting CCR4, a method for immunologically detecting a cell which expressed CCR4 on the cell surface, a method for depleting a cell which expresses CCR4 on the cell surface, and a method for inhibiting production of Th2 cytokine, which comprise using the recombinant antibody according or antibody fragment thereof; a therapeutic or diagnostic agent for Th2-mediated immune diseases; and a therapeutic or diagnostic agent for a blood cancer.
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- Alkylation of N′-[(S)-1′-phenylethyl]-N-(diphenylmethylene)glycinamide using a phase transfer catalyst (PTC) for practical asymmetric syntheses of α-amino acid derivatives
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The chiral auxiliary mediated stereoselective alkylation reaction of N′-[(S)-1′-phenylethyl]-N-(diphenylmethylene)glycinamide (1) using a phase transfer catalyst (PTC) is described. Alkylation of 1 using 18-crown-6 as a PTC for liquid-solid extraction of KOH in toluene gives best results. This methodology provides a practical protocol for the preparation of a variety of enantio-enriched unnatural α-amino acid derivatives up to 83:17 enantiomeric ratio.
- Kim, Hyun Ju,Lee, Sang-Kuk,Park, Yong Sun
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p. 613 - 616
(2007/10/03)
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- Substituted quinoxaline-2-ones as glutamate receptor antagonists
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A novel series of substituted quinoxaline 2-ones useful as neuroprotective agents are taught. Novel intermediates, processes of preparation, and pharmaceutical compositions containing the compounds are also taught. The compounds are glutamate receptor antagonists and are useful in the treatment of stroke, cerebral ischemia, or cerebral infarction resulting from thromboembolic or hemorrhagic stroke, cerebral vasospasms, hypoglycemia, cardiac arrest, status epilepticus, perinatal asphyxia, anoxia, seizure disorders, pain, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's Diseases.
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- Peptides with an insulin-like action
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Peptides with an insulin-like action, of formula I: STR1 in which G is a hydrogen atom, an amino add residue, or a monosubstituted or polysubstituted amino acid; D is an amino acid residue, a phosphoamino acid residue, a monosaccharide residue, or a covalent bond; E is --NH--(CH2)n --NR52, a glycerol residue, or --NH--(CH2)p --R6 --R7 ; R1 is (C1 -C4)-alkyl or =O; R2 is a sulfhydryl protecting group, (C1 -C3)-alkyl, or a hydrogen atom; R3 and R4, independently of one another, are a hydrogen atom or methyl; R5, each being identical or different, is a hydrogen atom, 1 to 6 monosaccharide residues, or 1 to 6 monosubstituted or polysubstituted monosaccharide residues; R6 is O PO4 H, PO2 H, NHCOO, S or OCOO; R7 is a hydrogen atom, 1 to 6 monosaccharide residues, or 1 to 6 monosubstituted or polysubstituted monosaccharide residues; w is an integer 1 or 2; their preparation and use for treatment of diabetes mellitus or insulin-independent diabetes.
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- Synthesis of α-amino acids by addition of putative azido radicals to α-methoxy acrylonitriles derived from aldehydes and ketones
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α-Methoxy acrylonitriles, available from aldehydes and ketones, react with sodium azide in the presence of ceric ammonium nitrate to give azido nitrates; from these compounds, α-amino acids are obtained by sequential treatment with sodium acetate in acetic acid and then methanolic potassium carbonate, followed by hydrogenation.
- Clive, Derrick L. J.,Etkin, Nola
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p. 2459 - 2462
(2007/10/02)
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- Optically active ester derivatives, preparation process thereof, liquid crystal materials and a light switching element
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Disclosed are herein optically active ester derivatives represented by the formula (I): STR1 (wherein R1 represents an alkyl group having 3 to 20 carbon atoms; R2 represents an optically active alkyl or alkoxyalkyl group having 3 to 15 carbon atoms optionally substituted by halogen atoms; Y represents --O--, --COO-- or --OCO--; X represents --COO-- or --OCO--; l represents a number of 1 or 2; k and m each represents a number of 0 or 1; n represents a number of 1 to 6), preparation processes therefor, liquid crystal materials containing such ester derivatives as active ingredient, and a light switching element using said liquid crystal materials as liquid crystal element.
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- Racemic Structures of Organic Ammonium Salts of N-Acetyl-DL-2-aminobutyric Acid and N-Acetyl-DL-norvaline and Optical Resolution by Preferential Crystallization of DL-Ammonium Salts
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The racemic structures of the ammonium salts (AM salts) and seven organic ammonium salts of N-acetyl-DL-2-aminobutyric acid (Dl-AcAbu) and N-acetyl-DL-norvaline (DL-AcNva) were studied on the basis of thermodynamic analyses to explore the possibility of optical resolution by preferential crystallization.An empirical equation has been derived from thermodynamic data and melting points of ammonium and organic ammonium salts of N-acyl-DL-amino acids to predict racemic structure around room temperature.The AM salts of DL-AcAbu and -AcNva exist in conglomerate around room temperature.It is possible to resolve optically these DL-AM salts by preferential crystallization in ethanol at 10 deg C, and the succesive preferential crystallization followed by purification gave D- and L-2-aminobutyric acids and -norvalines with optical purities close to 100percent.
- Shiraiwa, Tadashi,Yoshida, Hirokazu,Tsuda, Makoto,Kurokawa, Hidemoto
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p. 947 - 952
(2007/10/02)
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- Compositions for testing to predict and/or diagnose allergy to penicillins
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The invention relates to the testing of humans or other animals, such as horses, cattle or dogs, for allergic reaction or hypersensitivity to penicillins. The tests can be used both to predict and to diagnose allergy. The invention comprises new materials for use in minor determinant mixture (MDM) compositions and lyophilized, storage-stable MDM compositions and novel test methods employing such materials. The new MDM materials are N-penicilloyl amines of an aliphatic amine or α-aminoacid having the following molecular structure: STR1 wherein: R1 =a side chain which defines the type of penicillin--e.g., where R1 = STR2 the new material is a derivative of benzylpenicillin; and R2 is an alkyl group of C2 -C6 length, preferably ethyl or propyl, or an aminoacid residue as described herein. The tests are preferably carried out by applying solutions of the materials to the skin of the patient or other test animal and pricking or scratching the skin, or by injecting the materials intradermally, and then observing for wheal and flare reactions. The preferred test method comprises a two-solution test using a solution of the novel PPL preparations described in my copending U.S. Patent application Ser. No. 898,044 applied on or into one area of the patient's skin and a separate solution containing the new minor determinant material alone or as part of an MDM solution with other constituents applied on or into another area of the patient's skin.
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- SYNTHESIS OF AMINO ACIDS. ALKYLATION OF ALDIMINE AND KETIMINE DERIVATIVES OF GLYCINE ETHYL ESTER UNDER VARIOUS PHASE-TRANSFER CONDITIONS
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The Schiff base derived from glycine ethyl ester and p-chlorobenzaldehyde can be alkylated by the ion-pair extraction method as well as under catalytic liquid-liquid or solid-liquid phase-transfer conditions.This imine is compared with the corresponding benzophenone Schiff base.
- Ghosez, Leon,Antoine, Jean-Pierre,Deffense, Etienne,Navarro, Mirtha,Libert, Valery,et al.
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p. 4255 - 4258
(2007/10/02)
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- SYNTHETIC UTILIZATION OF α-AMINO-γ-BROMOBUTYRIC ACID IN THE PREPARATION OF NON-CODED AMINO ACIDS; IR STUDY OF HOMOSERINE
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α-Amino-γ-bromobutyric acid and its derivatives were utilized in the preparation of some non-coded (non-proteinogenic) amino acids and their derivatives.The bromine atom was replaced by hydrogen, hydroxyl, iodine and nitro, amino, and thiocyanato groups.Homolanthionine was prepared by two methods.Homoserine has been shown to exist in three crystalline modifications whose differences in the IR spectra indicate conformational changes.
- Prochazka, Zdenko,Smolikova, Jorga,Malon, Petr,Jost, Karel
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p. 2935 - 2946
(2007/10/02)
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- Method for testing to predict and/or diagnose allergy to penicillins, and compounds and compositions for use in such tests
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The invention relates to the testing of humans or other animals, for allergic reaction or hypersensitivity to penicillins. The tests can be used both to predict and to diagnose allergy. The invention comprises new penicilloyl-polylysine (PPL) preparations, new materials for use in minor determinant mixture (MDM) compositions and novel test methods employing such materials. The new PPL preparations comprise homogeneous, high purity, maximally coupled, α-diastereoisomeric, penicilloyl conjugates of low molecular weight PPLs. The PPL materials of the invention have the molecular structure in accordance with the following generic formula: STR1 wherein: R is selected from the group consisting of H and penicilloyl groups or similar groups derived from cephalosporins or other β-lactam antibiotics; and n is an integer of from 4 to 10, at least about 66% and up to 100% of the R groups are other than hydrogen. Solutions containing this PPL material are useful in skin testing for penicillin allergy or hypersensitivity alone, but preferably are utilized in a two-part test with MDM solutions containing the novel MDM materials of the invention. The new MDM materials have the following structure: STR2 wherein: R1 = a side chain which defines the type of penicilin, the new material is a derivative of benzylpenicillin; and R2 is an alkyl group of C2 -C6 length, or an aminoacid residue as described herein. The tests are preferably carried out by applying solutions of the materials to the skin of the patient or other test animal and pricking or scratching the skin, or by injecting the materials intradermally, and then observing for wheal and flare reactions.
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- Optically active amino acid-mandelic acid complexes
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Two optically active amino acid-mandelic acid complexes are obtained by reacting in a solvent under pH conditions of 1.0-4.0, an amino acid expressed by a general formula STR1 (in which R represents a methyl group, an ethyl group or a methylthioethyl group) and mandelic acid, one of the acids being an optically active substance and the other being a racemic modification, and optically resolving the resulting complexes into two diastereomers by using a solubility difference therebetween. The optically active complexes are each decomposed by means of an acid, a strongly acidic ion-exchange resin, or a weakly basic ion-exchange resin to obtain optically active amino acids or optically active mandelic acid.
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- ORIENTATION OF CARBOXYLATION REACTION BY CONTACT GLOW DISCHARGE ELECTROLYSIS
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The carboxylation reaction of aliphatic amines and cyclic imines in aqueous formic acid by contact glow discharge electrolysis (CDGE) was studied and the orientation of the carboxylation reaction was investigated.It was found that orientation of the reaction was controlled by the effect of the charged and uncharged nitrogen atom.
- Terasawa, Jun-ichi,Harada, Kaoru
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- Process for production of (+)-2-amino-1-butanol
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A process for producing (+)-2-amino-1-butanol comprising optically resolving an N-acyl-DL-aminobutyric acid using an acylase to obtain L-2-aminobutyric acid and an N-acyl-D-aminobutyric acid which is recycled after racemization, esterifying the L-2-aminobutyric acid to form L-2-aminobutyric acid ester, and reducing the L-2-aminobutyric acid ester to form (+)-2-amino-1-butanol.
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