- Generation of Oxyphosphonium Ions by Photoredox/Cobaloxime Catalysis for Scalable Amide and Peptide Synthesis in Batch and Continuous-Flow
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Phosphine-mediated deoxygenative nucleophilic substitutions, such as the Mitsunobu reaction, are of great importance in organic synthesis. However, the conventional protocols require stoichiometric oxidants to trigger the formation of the oxyphosphonium i
- Chen, Xiangyang,Houk, Kendall N.,Mo, Jia-Nan,Su, Junqi,Umanzor, Alexander,Zhang, Zheng,Zhao, Jiannan
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supporting information
(2022/01/06)
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- Direct Amidation of Esters by Ball Milling**
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The direct mechanochemical amidation of esters by ball milling is described. The operationally simple procedure requires an ester, an amine, and substoichiometric KOtBu and was used to prepare a large and diverse library of 78 amide structures with modest to excellent efficiency. Heteroaromatic and heterocyclic components are specifically shown to be amenable to this mechanochemical protocol. This direct synthesis platform has been applied to the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and agrochemicals as well as the gram-scale synthesis of an active pharmaceutical, all in the absence of a reaction solvent.
- Barreteau, Fabien,Battilocchio, Claudio,Browne, Duncan L.,Godineau, Edouard,Leitch, Jamie A.,Nicholson, William I.,Payne, Riley,Priestley, Ian
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p. 21868 - 21874
(2021/09/02)
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- Method for preparing amide from carboxylic acid under irradiation of blue light by taking iridium and cobalt complexes as catalysts
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The invention relates to a method for preparing amide from carboxylic acid under the irradiation of blue light by taking iridium and cobalt complexes as catalysts, and belongs to the field of chemistry. The method comprises the following step of: by taking R substituted carboxylic acid and R1' and R2' substituted amines as raw materials, triphenylphosphine as a deoxidizing agent, [Ir(dF(CF3)ppy)2(dtbbpy)]PF6 as a photocatalyst and Co(dmgH)(dmgH2)Cl2 as a metal complex catalyst, reacting in dichloromethane in an inert atmosphere and under the irradiation of blue light to obtain an amide compound, wherein R is an aryl group, a heteroaryl group, a protected amino group, a substituted alkyl group, a substituted aryl group or a substituted protected amino group, R1' is a hydrogen group, a substituted alkyl group, a phenyl group or a substituted phenyl group, and R2' is a hydrogen group, a substituted alkyl group, a phenyl group or a substituted phenyl group.
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Paragraph 0059-0060
(2021/05/12)
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- Synthesis of Aliphatic Amides through a Photoredox Catalyzed Radical Carbonylation Involving Organosilicates as Alkyl Radical Precursors
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Alkyl radicals, from primary to tertiary, formed by photocatalyzed oxidation of organosilicates, are involved efficiently in radical carbonylation with carbon monoxide (CO), in the presence of various amines and CCl4, leading to a variety of amides in moderate to good yields. (Figure presented.).
- Cartier, Alex,Levernier, Etienne,Dhimane, Anne-Lise,Fukuyama, Takahide,Ollivier, Cyril,Ryu, Ilhyong,Fensterbank, Louis
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p. 2254 - 2259
(2020/05/06)
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- Tandem Photoredox Catalysis: Enabling Carbonylative Amidation of Aryl and Alkylhalides
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We report a new visible-light-mediated carbonylative amidation of aryl, heteroaryl, and alkyl halides. A tandem catalytic cycle of [Ir(ppy)2(dtb-bpy)]+ generates a potent iridium photoreductant through a second catalytic cycle in the presence of DIPEA, which productively engages aryl bromides, iodides, and even chlorides as well as primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl iodides. The versatile in situ generated catalyst is compatible with aliphatic and aromatic amines, shows high functional-group tolerance, and enables the late-stage amidation of complex natural products.
- Connell, Timothy U.,Forni, José A.,Micic, Nenad,Polyzos, Anastasios,Weragoda, Geethika
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supporting information
p. 18646 - 18654
(2020/08/21)
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- An efficient procedure for chemoselective amidation from carboxylic acid and amine (ammonium salt) under mild conditions
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Presented here is an efficient one-pot and catalyst-free procedure for the synthesis of amides starting from carboxylic acids and amine/ammonium salts using 2,2-dichloro-1,3-diisopropylimidazolidine-4,5-dione as the coupling agent. Reactions can proceed smoothly even with those bearing thermosensitive group(s) at ambient temperature, and the corresponding products of primary, secondary and tertiary amides can be afforded in moderate to excellent yields of up to 96%.
- Li, Jianhui,He, Shaopo,Fu, Haiqing,Chen, Xin,Tang, Min,Zhang, Dela,Wang, Bo
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p. 2289 - 2303
(2017/12/26)
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- Nickel-catalyzed transamidation of aliphatic amide derivatives
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Transamidation, or the conversion of one amide to another, is a long-standing challenge in organic synthesis. Although notable progress has been made in the transamidation of primary amides, the transamidation of secondary amides has remained underdeveloped, especially when considering aliphatic substrates. Herein, we report a two-step approach to achieve the transamidation of secondary aliphatic amides, which relies on non-precious metal catalysis. The method involves initial Boc-functionalization of secondary amide substrates to weaken the amide C-N bond. Subsequent treatment with a nickel catalyst, in the presence of an appropriate amine coupling partner, then delivers the net transamidated products. The transformation proceeds in synthetically useful yields across a range of substrates. A series of competition experiments delineate selectivity patterns that should influence future synthetic design. Moreover, the transamidation of Boc-activated secondary amide derivatives bearing epimerizable stereocenters underscores the mildness and synthetic utility of this methodology. This study provides the most general solution to the classic problem of secondary amide transamidation reported to date.
- Dander, Jacob E.,Baker, Emma L.,Garg, Neil K.
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p. 6433 - 6438
(2017/08/29)
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- Synergistic Photoredox/Nickel Coupling of Acyl Chlorides with Secondary Alkyltrifluoroborates: Dialkyl Ketone Synthesis
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Visible light photoredox/nickel dual catalysis has been employed in the cross-coupling of acyl chlorides with potassium alkyltrifluoroborates. This protocol, based on single-electron-mediated alkyl transfer, circumvents the restriction of using reactive alkylmetallic nucleophiles in transition-metal-catalyzed acylation and achieves a mild and efficient method for the synthesis of unsymmetrical alkyl ketones. In this approach, a variety of acyl chlorides have been successfully coupled with structurally diverse potassium alkyltrifluoroborates, generating the corresponding ketones with good yields.
- Amani, Javad,Molander, Gary A.
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p. 1856 - 1863
(2017/02/10)
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- Interception of amide ylides with sulfonamides: Synthesis of (: E)- N -sulfonyl amidines catalyzed by Zn(OTf)2
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Through the interception of amide ylides with sulfonamides, we herein report the first general example of an intermolecular condensation reaction between sulfonamides and amides. Beyond formamides, this approach was successfully applied to a variety of lactams and linear amides, giving rise to a broad array of (E)-N-sulfonyl amidines.
- Chen, Jijun,Long, Wenhao,Fang, Shangwen,Yang, Yonggang,Wan, Xiaobing
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supporting information
p. 13256 - 13259
(2017/12/26)
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- Mild and Low-Pressure fac-Ir(ppy)3-Mediated Radical Aminocarbonylation of Unactivated Alkyl Iodides through Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis
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A novel, mild and facile preparation of alkyl amides from unactivated alkyl iodides employing a fac-Ir(ppy)3-catalyzed radical aminocarbonylation protocol has been developed. Using a two-chambered system, alkyl iodides, fac-Ir(ppy)3, amines, reductants, and CO gas (released ex situ from Mo(CO)6), were combined and subjected to an initial radical reductive dehalogenation generating alkyl radicals, and a subsequent aminocarbonylation with amines affording a wide range of alkyl amides in moderate to excellent yields.
- Chow, Shiao Y.,Stevens, Marc Y.,?kerbladh, Linda,Bergman, Sara,Odell, Luke R.
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supporting information
p. 9155 - 9161
(2016/07/14)
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- Appel reaction of carboxylic acids with tribromoisocyanuric acid/triphenylphosphine: A mild and acid-free preparation of esters and amides
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A facile and efficient method for esterification and amidation of carboxylic acids under neutral conditions has been developed. Esters and amides can be prepared by reacting a carboxylic acid (1 mmol) with tribromoisocyanuric acid (0.37 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (1 mmol) in dichloromethane at room temperature, followed by addition of an alcohol or an amine, respectively.
- Da Cunha Sindra, Haryadylla,De Mattos, Marcio C.S.
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p. 1129 - 1136
(2016/07/06)
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- Rhodium-catalyzed oxidative amidation of allylic alcohols and aldehydes: Effective conversion of amines and anilines into amides
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The rhodium-catalyzed oxidative amidation of allylic alcohols and aldehydes is reported. In situ generated [(BINAP)Rh]BF4 catalyzes the one-pot isomerization/oxidative amidation of allylic alcohols or direct amidation of aldehydes using acetone or styrene as the hydrogen acceptor. The conditions are general, affording good to excellent yields with a wide array of amine and aniline nucleophiles, and chemoselective, other alcohols do not participate in the oxidation reaction. Utilization of biphasic conditions is critical, as they promote an equilibrium between the imine/enamine byproducts and the hemiaminal, which can undergo oxidation to the amide.
- Wu, Zhao,Hull, Kami L.
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p. 969 - 975
(2016/02/05)
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- Size of gold nanoparticles driving selective amide synthesis through aerobic condensation of aldehydes and amines
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Metal nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted much attention in many fields due to their intrinsic characteristics. It is generally accepted that smaller NPs (1.5-3 nm) are more active than larger NPs, and reverse cases are very rare. We report here the direct aerobic oxidative amide synthesis from aldehydes and amines catalyzed by polymer-incarcerated gold (Au) NPs. A unique correlation between imine/amide selectivity and size of NPs was discovered; Au-NPs of medium size (4.5-11 nm) were found to be optimal. High yields were obtained with a broad range of substrates, including primary amines. Au-NPs of medium size could be recovered and reused several times without loss of activity, and they showed good activity and selectivity in amide formation from alcohols and amines. Superior activity and selectivity of gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) of medium size (4.5-11 nm) were found for the direct and selective aerobic oxidative amide synthesis from various combinations of aldehydes and amines. This is an example of an unusual correlation between the size of NPs and their activity/selectivity. These catalysts could be recovered and reused several times without loss of activity.
- Miyamura, Hiroyuki,Min, Hyemin,Soulé, Jean-Fran?ois,Kobayashi, Shu
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supporting information
p. 7564 - 7567
(2015/06/25)
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- Mild and direct conversion of esters to morpholine amides using diisobutyl(morpholino)aluminum: Application to efficient one-pot synthesis of ketones and aldehydes from esters
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Morpholine amide intermediates, which are easily prepared by aminolysis of various esters with diisobutyl(morpholino)aluminum, react with organolithium and reducing agents (DIBALH or LDBMA) without isolation of the aminolysis intermediates to give ketones in 83-95% yields and aldehydes quantitatively.
- Jeon, Ah Ram,Kim, Min Eai,Park, Jae Kyo,Shin, Won Kyu,An, Duk Keun
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p. 4420 - 4424
(2014/06/10)
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- Catalytic hydrogenation of amides to amines under mild conditions
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Under (not so much) pressure: A general method for the hydrogenation of tertiary and secondary amides to amines with excellent selectivity using a bimetallic Pd-Re catalyst has been developed. The reaction proceeds under low pressure and comparatively low temperature. This method provides organic chemists with a simple and reliable tool for the synthesis of amines. Copyright
- Stein, Mario,Breit, Bernhard
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supporting information
p. 2231 - 2234
(2013/03/28)
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- Direct dehydrogenative amide synthesis from alcohols and amines catalyzed by γ-alumina supported silver cluster
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The heterogeneously catalyzed reaction of alcohols with amines to form amides and H2 using the easily prepared and inexpensive heterogeneous catalyst, Ag/Al2O3 has been reported. Aromatic and aliphatic amides are functiona
- Shimizu, Ken-Ichi,Ohshima, Keiichiro,Satsuma, Atsushi
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 9977 - 9980
(2010/04/03)
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- Microwave acceleration in DABAL-Me3-mediated amide formation
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Facile direct coupling of esters and secondary amines to afford tertiary amides proceeds under microwave irradiation using the air-stable trimethylaluminium source DABAL-Me3 [(DABCO)(AlMe3)2]. Excellent yields (88-98%) are attained for cyclic secondary amines in reactions that are complete in 5-16 min. The process can be extended to the formation of Weinreb amides (upto 76% from commercial MeNHOMe·HCl) in a one-pot procedure using NaH to liberate the free methoxyamine.
- Glynn, Daniel,Bernier, David,Woodward, Simon
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p. 5687 - 5688
(2008/12/22)
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- Preparation of tertiary amides from carbamoyl chlorides and organocuprates
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(Chemical Equation Presented) Reaction of carbamoyl chlorides with cyano-Gilman cuprates affords tertiary amides in good to excellent yields. The reaction is general due to the possibility of using reagents made either from organolithium or from Grignard compounds. The characterization of the main side products allowed for the suggestion of a possible mechanism.
- Lemoucheux, Laurent,Seitz, Thomas,Rouden, Jacques,Lasne, Marie-Claire
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p. 3703 - 3706
(2007/10/03)
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- Efficient synthesis of acylsilanes using morpholine amides
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(Chemical Equation Presented) A general synthesis of acylsilanes from the corresponding morpholine amides and silyllithium species is described. The use of morpholine amides is economical and prevents over-addition by the silyl nucleophile. The procedure cleanly affords acylsilanes in good yields and circumvents the use of stoichiometric copper(I) cyanide typically employed to synthesize these compounds from acid chlorides.
- Clark, Christopher T.,Milgram, Benjamin C.,Scheidt, Karl A.
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p. 3977 - 3980
(2007/10/03)
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- Process for the preparation of carboxylic acid amides by oxidation of aldehydes in the presence of amines
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Verfahren zur Herstellung von mono-, bi- oder/und polyfunktionellen Amiden der Formeln (Ia) oder/und (Ib),R1-CO-NR2R3R4R5N-CO-R6-CO- NR2R3aus Aldehyden und Aminen in Gegenwart eines übergangsmetallkatalysators und einem Oxidationsmittel.
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- Catalytic amination of aldehydes to amides
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Aldehydes react in a disproportionation reaction in the presence of rhodium catalysts to yield amines and amides. By adding N-methylmorpholine N-oxide as an oxidant in the presence of catalytic amounts of rhodium, the oxidative amination of aldehydes proceeds selectively to give the corresponding amide. Both aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes react with secondary amines to yield carboxylic acid amides in good to excellent yields.
- Tillack, Annegret,Rudloff, Ivo,Beller, Matthias
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p. 523 - 528
(2007/10/03)
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- Cross-coupling reactions of carbamoyl chlorides and Grignard reagents: A new rapid synthesis of tertiary amides
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Tributyl phosphine or nickel catalysts allow the cross-coupling reaction between N,N-dialkylcarbamoyl chlorides and alkyl or aryl Grignard reagents. This convenient and simple method affords tertiary amides with moderate to excellent yields in short reaction times. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.
- Lemoucheux,Rouden,Lasne
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p. 9997 - 10001
(2007/10/03)
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- A ROMPGEL-supported N-hydroxysuccinimide: A host of acylations with minimal purification
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(formula presented) amides, carbamates, ureas, Weinreb amides, hydroxamic acids Yields 89-98% Purity > 95% A novel N-hydroxysuccinimide ring-opening metathesis polymer is described as a recyclable supported acyl transfer reagent. Amides, carbamates, ureas, Weinreb amides, and hydroxamic acids are all obtained in excellent yields and purities from amines with minimal purification.
- Barrett, Anthony G. M.,Cramp, Susan M.,Roberts, Richard S.,Zecri, Frederic J.
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p. 261 - 264
(2007/10/03)
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- Synthesis of some diethylphosphono substituted 3H-pyrrolizines
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The preparation of various alkyl substituted monophosphonate 3H-pynolizines via a tandem Michael □ Horner-Emmons reaction is reported. These products were prepared from tetraethyl ethylidene gem-bisphosphonate and corresponding 2-acylpyrroles.
- Loussouarn,Servant,Guervenou,Sturtz
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p. 275 - 285
(2007/10/03)
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- Photo-, electro-, and thermal carbonylation of alkyl iodides in the presence of Group 7 and 8-10 metal carbonyl catalysts
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Various transition-metal complexes including Group 7 and 8-10 metal carbonyls are highly active catalyst precursors for the photochemical carbonylation of alkyl iodides having β-hydrogens on saturated sp3-carbons at room temperature under 1 atm of carbon monoxide.Primary, secondary and tertiary alkyl iodides are smoothly carbonylated by this catalyst system without β-hydride elimination (dehydrohalogenation) to give the corresponding esters or amides in high yields.In employment of Mn2(CO)10 as a catalyst, electrochemical carbonylation of alkyl iodides also occurred via generation of an anionic manganese carbonyl intermediate.Actually, anionic manganese carbonyl complexes (pentacarbonylmanganates) showed high catalytic activity for thermal carbonylation of alkyl iodides at room temperature under 1 atm of carbon monoxide without photo-irradiation and electrolysis.Mechanistic studies were performed with kinetics and ESR and it was suggested that the present photo-, electro- and thermal carbonylation would involve a non-chain radical mechanism. Key words: Group 7; Group 8; Group 9; Group 10; Carbonylation; Catalysis; Alkyl iodide
- Kondo, Teruyuki,Sone, Yoshitsugu,Tsuji, Yasushi,Watanabe, Yoshihisa
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p. 163 - 174
(2007/10/02)
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- PHOTOCHEMICAL CARBONYLATION OF ALKYL IODIDES IN THE PRESENCE OF VARIOUS METAL CARBONYLS
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Various transition metal complexes including group VII and VIII metal carbonyls are highly active catalyst precursors for the photochemical carbonylation of organic iodides at room temperature under an atmospheric pressure of carbon monoxide.Primary, secondary and tertiary alkyl iodides which have β-hydrogens on sp3-carbons were smoothly carbonylated by this catalyst system without β-hydride elimination to give the corresponding esters in yields of 63 - 88 percent.
- Kondo, Teruyuki,Tsuji, Yasushi,Watanabe, Yoshihisa
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p. 3833 - 3836
(2007/10/02)
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