- Structure-activity relationships for ketamine esters as short-acting anaesthetics
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A series of aliphatic esters of the non-opioid anaesthetic/analgesic ketamine were prepared and their properties as shorter-acting analogues of ketamine itself were explored in an infused rat model, measuring the time after infusion to recover from both the anaesthetic (righting reflex) and analgesic (response to stimulus) effects. The potency of the esters as sedatives was not significantly related to chain length, but Me, Et and i-Pr esters were the more dose potent (up to twofold less than ketamine), whereas n-Pr esters were less potent (from 2- to 6-fold less than ketamine). For the Me, Et and i-Pr esters recovery from anaesthesia was 10-15-fold faster than from ketamine itself, and for the n-Pr esters it was 20-25-fold faster than from ketamine. A new dimethylamino ketamine derivative (homoketamine) had ketamine-like sedative effects but was slightly less potent than, but ester analogues of homoketamine had very weak sedative effects.
- Jose, Jiney,Gamage, Swarna A.,Harvey, Martyn G.,Voss, Logan J.,Sleigh, James W.,Denny, William A.
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- Antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic effect of Molybdenum trioxide nanoparticles and application of this for degradation of ketamine under different light illumination
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A hydrothermal method was employed to synthesize Molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) nanoparticles. The synthesized samples were evaluated for photocatalytic properties and biological application. The nanoparticles characterized by scanning electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer and UV-Vis DRS spectra. The synthesized MoO3 NPs were found to be spherical in shape with size in the range of 75 nm. The synthesized MoO3 nanoparticles have good optical properties with 2.78 eV of band-gap. The photocatalytic properties of the synthesized MoO3 nanoparticles were carried out by performing the degradation of ketamine under visible, UV and sunlight irradiations. A high efficiency was observed between sunlight and MoO3 nanoparticles for the photocatalysis reaction. Two compounds as intermediates of photo-degradation of ketamine under visible and UV lights were detected. The antifungal activity of the nanoscale MoO3 against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger was assessed using the disc-diffusion susceptibility tests. All MoO3 nanoparticles concentrations showed good ABT radical scavenging activity. Then, this research has been presented to exhibit the synthesized MoO3 NPs which indicated a high antibacterial activity against Gram negative and positive bacteria and were also proved to exhibit excellent cytotoxic influence on lung and breast cancer cell lines. The results show that the high applicability of MoO3 nanoparticles biologically was great and is environmentally friendly.
- Fakhri, Ali,Nejad, Pedram Afshar
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- NMDA receptor antagonist and use thereof
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The present invention relates to an NMDA receptor antagonist and use thereof. The NMDA receptor antagonist is a compound as shown in the formula I, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, enantiomers, diastereoisomers, tautomers, solvates, isotope substitutes, polymorphic substances, prodrugs or metabolites thereof, and in the formula, ring A, ring B and R2 are as described in the specification. The invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions containing the compounds, and applications of the compounds in preparation of drugs for treating or preventing NMDA receptor mediated diseases.
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- Family of Structurally Related Bioconjugates Yields Antibodies with Differential Selectivity against Ketamine and 6-Hydroxynorketamine
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The dissociative-hypnotic compound ketamine is being used in an increasingly wide range of therapeutic contexts, including anesthesia, adjunctive analgesia, treatment-resistant depression, but it also continues to be a notable substance of abuse. No specific antidotes exist for ketamine intoxication or overdose. Immunopharmacotherapy has demonstrated the ability to offer overdose protection through production of highly specific antibodies that prevent psychoactive drug penetration across the blood-brain barrier, although antiketamine antibodies have not yet been assessed or optimized for use in this approach. Moreover, generation of specific antibodies also provides an opportunity to address the role of 6-hydroxynorketamine metabolites in ketamine's rapid-acting antidepressant effect through selective restriction of metabolite access to the central nervous system. Hapten design is a critical element for tuning immune recognition of small molecules, as it affects the presentation of the target antigen and thus the quality and selectivity of the response. Here, we report the synthesis and optimization of carrier protein and conjugation conditions for an initial hapten, norketamine-N-COOH (NK-N-COOH), to optimize vaccination conditions and assess the functional consequences of such vaccination on ketamine-induced behavioral alterations occurring at dissociative-like (50 mg/kg) doses. Iterating from this initial approach, two additional haptens, ketamine-N-COOH (KET-N-COOH) and 6-hydroxynorketamine-N-COOH (HNK-N-COOH), were synthesized to target either ketamine or 6-hydroxynorketamine with greater selectivity. The ability of these haptens to generate antiketamine, antinorketamine, and anti-6-hydroxynorketamine immune responses in mice was then assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and competitive surface plasmon resonance (SPR) methods. All three haptens provoked immune responses in vivo, although the KET-N-COOH and 6-HNK-N-COOH haptens yielded antibodies with 5- to 10-fold improvements in affinity for ketamine and/or 6-hydroxynorketamine, as compared to NK-N-COOH. Regarding selectivity, vaccines bearing a KET-N-COOH hapten yielded an antibody response with approximately equivalent Kd values against ketamine (86.4 ± 3.2 nM) and 6-hydroxynorketamine (74.1 ± 7.8 nM) and a 90-fold weaker Kd against norketamine. Contrastingly, 6-HNK-N-COOH generated the highest affinity and most selective antibody profile, with a 38.3 ± 4.7 nM IC50 against 6-hydroxynorketamine; Kd values for ketamine and norketamine were 33- to 105-fold weaker, at 1290 ± 281.5 and 3971 ± 2175 nM, respectively. Overall, these findings support the use of rational hapten design to generate antibodies capable of distinguishing between structurally related, yet mechanistically distinct, compounds arising from the same precursor molecule. As applied to the production of the first-reported anti-6-hydroxynorketamine antibodies to date, this approach demonstrates a promising path forward for identifying the individual and combinatorial roles of ketamine and its metabolites in supporting rewarding effects and/or rapid-acting antidepressant activity.
- Kyzer, Jillian L.,Wenthur, Cody J.,Worob, Adam,Zheng, Zhen
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p. 4113 - 4122
(2021/11/01)
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- Preparation method of ketamine and synthesis method of intermediate compound
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The invention discloses an intermediate compound II for synthesizing ketamine, and the chemical structural formula of the intermediate compound II is disclosed in the invention. The compound II is directly synthesized by one-step reaction of a compound under the action of iodobenzene acetate and azidotrimethylsilane; and ketamine is synthesized from the compound II through two steps: 1) reducing azide into amino; and 2) carrying out aminomethylation reaction. Compared with the prior art, the HPLC purity of the product can reach 97% or above, meanwhile, the ketamine prepared through the methodis high in industrialization degree, the quality of the product is greatly improved, intermediate impurities do not exist, the process route is easy to operate, the cost is low, and conditions are mild.
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- Delivery Of Esketamine For The Treatment Of Depression
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The present invention provides devices and methods for treating depression in a patient, comprising administering to the patient in need of the treatment a therapeutically effective amount of esketamine. In some embodiments, the depression is major depressive disorder or treatment resistant depression. In other embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount is clinically proven safe and/or effective. Also provided are methods to mitigate the risk or misuse or abuse of esketamine, instructions for use of the esketamine product, and methods for selling a drug product containing esketamine.
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- Expedient preparation of active pharmaceutical ingredient ketamine under sustainable continuous flow conditions
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A robust three-step continuous flow procedure is presented for the efficient and sustainable preparation of active pharmaceutical ingredient ketamine. The procedure relies on the main assets of continuous flow processing, starts from commercially available chemicals, utilizes low toxicity reagents and a FDA class 3 solvent under intensified conditions. The procedure features a unique hydroxylation step with molecular oxygen, a fast imination relying on triisopropyl borate and a thermolysis employing Montmorillonite K10 as a heterogeneous catalyst, all three steps being performed in ethanol. The three individual steps can be run independently or can be concatenated, thus providing a compact yet efficient setup for the production of ketamine. The scalability of the critical hydroxylation step was assessed in a commercial pilot continuous flow reactor. The process can also be adapted for the preparation of ketamine analogs. A thorough computational study on the backbone rearrangement of the cyclopentylphenylketone scaffold under thermal stress rationalizes the experimental selectivity and the various experimental observations reported herein.
- Kassin, Victor-Emmanuel H.,Gérardy, Romaric,Toupy, Thomas,Collin, DIégo,Salvadeo, Elena,Toussaint, Fran?ois,Van Hecke, Kristof,Monbaliu, Jean-Christophe M.
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p. 2952 - 2966
(2019/06/18)
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- CRYSTAL FORMS AND METHODS OF SYNTHESIS OF (2R, 6R)-HYDROXYNORKETAMINE AND (2S, 6S)-HYDROXYNORKETAMINE
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The disclosure provides a method for synthesizing free base forms of (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK) and (2S,6S)-hydroxynorketamine. In an embodiment synthesis of (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK) includes preparation of (R)-norketamine via chiral resolution from racemic norketamine via a chiral resolution with L-pyroglutamic acid. The disclosure also provided crystal forms of the corresponding (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK) and (2S,6S)-hydroxynorketamine hydrochloride salts.
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Paragraph 0263; 0264; 0265
(2019/02/19)
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- Halogen Substitution Influences Ketamine Metabolism by Cytochrome P450 2B6: In Vitro and Computational Approaches
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Ketamine is analgesic at anesthetic and subanesthetic doses, and it has been used recently to treat depression. Biotransformation mediates ketamine effects, influencing both systemic elimination and bioactivation. CYP2B6 is the major catalyst of hepatic ketamine N-demethylation and metabolism at clinically relevant concentrations. Numerous CYP2B6 substrates contain halogens. CYP2B6 readily forms halogen-protein (particularly Cl-π) bonds, which influence substrate selectivity and active site orientation. Ketamine is chlorinated, but little is known about the metabolism of halogenated analogs. This investigation evaluated halogen substitution effects on CYP2B6-catalyzed ketamine analogs N-demethylation in vitro and modeled interactions with CYP2B6 using various computational approaches. Ortho phenyl ring halogen substituent changes caused substantial (18-fold) differences in Km, on the order of Br (bromoketamine, 10 μM) max varied minimally (83-103 pmol/min/pmol CYP). Thus, apparent substrate binding affinity was the major consequence of halogen substitution and the major determinant of N-demethylation. Docking poses of ketamine and analogs were similar, sharing a π-stack with F297. Libdock scores were deschloroketamine m model generated with Assay Central had a ROC of 0.86. The probability of activity at 15 μM for ketamine and analogs was predicted with this model. Deschloroketamine scores corresponded to the experimental Km, but the model was unable to predict activity with fluoroketamine. The binding pocket of CYP2B6 also suggested a hydrophobic component to substrate docking, on the basis of a strong linear correlation (R2 = 0.92) between lipophilicity (AlogP) and metabolism (log Km) of ketamine and analogs. This property may be the simplest design criteria to use when considering similar compounds and CYP2B6 affinity.
- Wang, Pan-Fen,Neiner, Alicia,Lane, Thomas R.,Zorn, Kimberley M.,Ekins, Sean,Kharasch, Evan D.
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p. 898 - 906
(2019/01/21)
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- HYDROXYNORKETAMINE DERIVATIVES FOR THE TREATMENT OF CNS DISORDERS
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Chemical entities of Formula (I): Including enantiomers thereof, wherein R1 has any of the values described herein, and compositions comprising such chemical entities; their preparation; and their use in various methods, including the treatment of depression, pain, cognitive disorders, neurodegenerative disorders, and other neurological and peripheral disorders.
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Paragraph 0268
(2018/03/25)
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- COMPOUNDS FOR THERAPEUTIC USE
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Chemical entities of Formula (I): Including enantiomers thereof, wherein R1 has any of the values described herein, and compositions comprising such chemical entities; their preparation; and their use in various methods, including the treatment of depression, pain, cognitive disorders, neurodegenerative disorders, and other neurological and peripheral disorders.
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Paragraph 0511
(2018/03/25)
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- Synthesis and N-Methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) Receptor Activity of Ketamine Metabolites
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Ketamine is rapidly metabolized in the human body to a variety of metabolites, including the hydroxynorketamines. At least two hydroxynorketamines have significant antidepressant action in rodent models, with limited action against the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. The synthesis of 12 hydroxynorketamines and their binding affinity to the NMDA receptor is presented here.
- Morris, Patrick J.,Moaddel, Ruin,Zanos, Panos,Moore, Curtis E.,Gould, Todd,Zarate, Carlos A.,Thomas, Craig J.
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supporting information
p. 4572 - 4575
(2017/09/11)
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- Intermediate compound for synthesizing ketamine and method for synthesizing ketamine
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The invention discloses an intermediate compound for synthesizing ketamine, having a chemical structural formula shown in the specification. The intermediate compound is prepared by: (i) reacting o-chlorobromobenzene and lithium alkylide to obtain lithium o-chlorophenyl; (ii) reacting the lithium o-chlorophenyl and cyclohexene oxide under the action of Lewis acid. The intermediate compound may be oxidized, nitrified, nitro-reduced and then amino-methylated to produce ketamine. Compared with existing synthetic methods of ketamine, the method of the invention has simple route, low cost and good operation convenience.
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- Copper-Assisted Direct Nitration of Cyclic Ketones with Ceric Ammonium Nitrate for the Synthesis of Tertiary α-Nitro-α-substituted Scaffolds
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An efficient and direct Cu-assisted nitrating approach to create synthetically valuable and challenging tertiary α-nitro-α-substituted moieties has been developed using ceric ammonium nitrate as a nitrating reagent, oxidant, and Lewis acid. Notably, the commonly used clinical drug ketamine was smoothly synthesized in four steps.
- Zhang, Zhi-Qiang,Chen, Tao,Zhang, Fu-Min
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supporting information
p. 1124 - 1127
(2017/03/15)
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- KETAMINE DERIVATIVES
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The present invention relates to ketamine derivatives of the formula (I), pharmaceutical compositions comprising them, and methods for treating pain comprising administering them, and their use in the manufacture of medicaments for treating pain. The present invention also relates to methods for anaesthetizing and methods for sedating a subject comprising administering ketamine derivatives of the formula (II).
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Page/Page column 24; 34
(2014/05/07)
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- The CYP2B6*6 allele significantly alters the N-demethylation of ketamine enantiomers in vitro
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Ketamine is primarily metabolized to norketamine by hepatic CYP2B6 and CYP3A4-mediated N-demethylation. However, the relative contribution from each enzyme remains controversial. The CYP2B6*6 allele is associated with reduced enzyme expression and activity that may lead to interindividual variability in ketamine metabolism. We examined the N-demethylation of individual ketamine enantiomers using human liver microsomes (HLMs) genotyped for the CYP2B6*6 allele, insect cell-expressed recombinant CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 enzymes, and COS-1 cell-expressed recombinant CYP2B6.1 and CYP2B6.6 protein variant. Effects of CYP-selective inhibitors on norketamine formation were also determined in HLMs. The two-enzyme Michaelis-Menten model best fitted the HLM kinetic data. The Michaelis-Menten constants (Km) for the highaffinity enzyme and the low-affinity enzyme were similar to those for the expressed CYP2B6 and CYP3A4, respectively. The intrinsic clearance for both ketamine enantiomers by the high-affinity enzyme in HLMs with CYP2B6 *1/*1 genotype were at least 2-fold and 6-fold higher, respectively, than those for CYP2B6*1/ *6 genotype and CYP2B6*6/*6 genotype. The Vmax and Km values for CYP2B6.1 were approximately 160 and 70% of those for CYP2B6.6, respectively. N,N9N9-triethylenethiophosphoramide (thioTEPA) (CYP2B6 inhibitor, 25 μM) and the monoclonal antibody against CYP2B6 but not troleandomycin (CYP3A4 inhibitor, 25 μM) or the monoclonal antibody against CYP3A4 inhibited ketamine N-demethylation at clinically relevant concentrations. The degree of inhibition was significantly reduced in HLMs with the CYP2B6*6 allele (genedose P *6 allele on enzyme-ketamine binding and catalytic activity. Copyright
- Li, Yibai,Coller, Janet K.,Hutchinson, Mark R.,Klein, Kathrin,Zanger, Ulrich M.,Stanley, Nathan J.,Abell, Andrew D.,Somogyi, Andrew A.
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p. 1264 - 1272
(2013/07/28)
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- Ketamine metabolism: Identification and synthesis of a deaminated product
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During attempts to synthesize 2-amino-2-(2-chlorophenyl)-6-hydroxycyclohexanone (6), a ketamine metabolite, an unexpected product, 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-2-cyclohexenone (4) was obtained as the major product. This compound apparently was formed by rearrangement and deamination of 6 during the isolation and purification procedures. This same compound was found in plasma and urine extracts obtained from mice and rats that had been treated with either ketamine or norketamine. It is suggested that 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-2-cyclohexenone (4), isolated from these biological samples, probably arose from decomposition of the 6-hydroxylated metabolite of ketamine or norketamine and is itself not a true metabolite.
- Lai,Hong,Davisson
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p. 486 - 488
(2007/10/02)
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- Synthesis of Ketamine Metabolites I and II and Some Anomalous Reactions of 6-Bromoketamine
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Two metabolites of the drug ketamine, 2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)cyclohexanone hydrochloride (1), have been synthesized.They are the N-demethyl compound, metabolite I (13), and the N-demethyl-5,6-dehydro analogue, metabolite II (15).Three bromo ketone derived from ketamine have also been synthesized and their realtive configuration assigned.In addition, attempted dehydrohalogenation of axial 2-bromoketamine (2a) with sodium amide in liquid ammonia has produced a novel entry into the 6-azabicycloheptane ring system.The structure of the rearrangement product (3) has been confirmed by unequivocal synthesis.Other unusual reactions include the reduction of an N-alkylazetidinone to an N-alkylazetidine and an acid-catalyzed N-alkyl cleavage of a β-lactam.
- Parcell, Robert F.,Sanchez, Joseph P.
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p. 5055 - 5060
(2007/10/02)
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