Antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic effect of Molybdenum trioxide nanoparticles and application of this for degradation of ketamine under different light illumination

Article abstract of DOI:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.04.002

A hydrothermal method was employed to synthesize Molybdenum trioxide (MoO₃) nanoparticles. The synthesized samples were evaluated for photocatalytic properties and biological application. The nanoparticles characterized by scanning electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer and UV-Vis DRS spectra. The synthesized MoO₃ NPs were found to be spherical in shape with size in the range of 75 nm. The synthesized MoO₃ nanoparticles have good optical properties with 2.78 eV of band-gap. The photocatalytic properties of the synthesized MoO₃ nanoparticles were carried out by performing the degradation of ketamine under visible, UV and sunlight irradiations. A high efficiency was observed between sunlight and MoO₃ nanoparticles for the photocatalysis reaction. Two compounds as intermediates of photo-degradation of ketamine under visible and UV lights were detected. The antifungal activity of the nanoscale MoO₃ against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger was assessed using the disc-diffusion susceptibility tests. All MoO₃ nanoparticles concentrations showed good ABT radical scavenging activity. Then, this research has been presented to exhibit the synthesized MoO₃ NPs which indicated a high antibacterial activity against Gram negative and positive bacteria and were also proved to exhibit excellent cytotoxic influence on lung and breast cancer cell lines. The results show that the high applicability of MoO₃ nanoparticles biologically was great and is environmentally friendly.

Full text of DOI:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.04.002

Journal of Photochemistry & Photobiology, B: Biology 159 (2016) 211–217
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Journal of Photochemistry & Photobiology, B: Biology
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jphotobiol
Antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic effect of Molybdenum trioxide
nanoparticles and application of this for degradation of ketamine under
different light illumination
a,
b
Ali Fakhri ⁎, Pedram Afshar Nejad
a
Young Researchers and Elites Club, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Department of Microbiology, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
b
a r t i c l e i n f o
a b s t r a c t
Article history:
A hydrothermal method was employed to synthesize Molybdenum trioxide (MoO ) nanoparticles. The synthe-
3
Received 1 October 2015
Received in revised form 1 April 2016
Accepted 4 April 2016
sized samples were evaluated for photocatalytic properties and biological application. The nanoparticles charac-
terized by scanning electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, an energy
dispersive X-ray spectrometer and UV–Vis DRS spectra. The synthesized MoO
shape with size in the range of 75 nm. The synthesized MoO nanoparticles have good optical properties with
.78 eV of band-gap. The photocatalytic properties of the synthesized MoO nanoparticles were carried out by
performing the degradation of ketamine under visible, UV and sunlight irradiations. A high efficiency was ob-
served between sunlight and MoO nanoparticles for the photocatalysis reaction. Two compounds as intermedi-
ates of photo-degradation of ketamine under visible and UV lights were detected. The antifungal activity of the
nanoscale MoO against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger was assessed using the disc-diffusion susceptibility
tests. All MoO nanoparticles concentrations showed good ABT radical scavenging activity. Then, this research
has been presented to exhibit the synthesized MoO NPs which indicated a high antibacterial activity against
Gram negative and positive bacteria and were also proved to exhibit excellent cytotoxic influence on lung and
3
NPs were found to be spherical in
Available online 08 April 2016
3
2
3
Keywords:
3
MoO NPs
Drug
3
Degradation
Antibacterial
Antioxidant
Cytotoxicity
3
3
3
breast cancer cell lines. The results show that the high applicability of MoO
great and is environmentally friendly.
3
nanoparticles biologically was
©
2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1
. Introduction
receptor in processing nociceptive input and its ability to improve
pain management and reduce opioid-related adverse effects have led
to renewed clinical interest in ketamine [3].
The presence of pharmaceutical ingredients in aqueous environ-
ment has raised increasing concerns in recent years. Typical sources of
them are animal excrements, hospital waste, and sewage effluents.
These compound concentrations are much lower compared with other
conventional organic pollutants, a wide range of investigations reported
that these drugs have raised concerns due to their potential impact on
human and environment [1,2].
Photocatalytic degradation of drug pollutants can be an effective al-
ternative to biological methods for removal of drug contaminants. At
present, UV disinfection is widely deployed in wastewater urban.
Among many materials, semiconductors have shown as promise a
photocatalyst because of its high chemical stability and photocatalytic
reactivity [4–11].
From 2008, many developed countries began examining controlled
drugs in surface waters and wastewater urban. The methamphetamine
and ketamine were found in wastewater treatment plants at 296 and
3
MoO is a large band gap semiconductor (2.90 eV) and, when crys-
tallized, forms hexagonal or rectangular plates, depending on synthesis
conditions [12]. Thermodynamically, the stability of the amorphous
1
47 ng/L [3].
3
phases was lower than of orthorhombic MoO [13]. This oxide is nor-
Ketamine is a synthetic compound used as an anesthetic and analge-
mally found in the orthorhombic phase, which is the main aim of
much research due to its many applications [14–18]. This phase can be
described as a layered structure formed by covalent double layers of
sic drug and also (illicitly) as a hallucinogen. This is a noncompetitive N-
methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist introduced recently
for analgesia in patients with chronic pain. The role of the NMDA
6
MoO octahedral [13,19–21].
The present study investigated to develop a photocatalytic active
particle under different light; hence natural resource could be made
use for the degradation pollutant bearing effluents.
⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: ali.fakhri88@yahoo.com (A. Fakhri).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.04.002
011-1344/© 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1

212
A. Fakhri, P.A. Nejad / Journal of Photochemistry & Photobiology, B: Biology 159 (2016) 211–217
homogeneous solution was formed). The autoclaves containing the re-
action solutions were sealed and maintained at 150 °C for 12 h, then
cooled naturally to room temperature. The as-formed precipitates
were filtered, washed with distilled water and ethanol, and finally
dried in a vacuum at 100 °C for 3 h.
2.3. Characterization Instruments
An X-ray diffractometer (XRD) Philips X'Pert, transmission electron
microscopy (TEM, JEM-2100F HR, 200 kV), a scanning electron micro-
scope (SEM), and a JEOL JSM-5600 Digital Scanning Electron
Microscopewere used to characterize the nanopowders. UV–Vis DRS
mensuration was performed in a double beam spectrophotometer
(
JASCO V-550). The catalyst compositions were analyzed with an en-
ergy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX-700HS, SHIMADZU).
3
Fig. 1. X-ray diffraction analysis of MoO NPs.
2.4. Evaluation of Photocatalytic Property
2
. Materials and Methods
In the present research, degradation of ketamine as a pollutant by
MoO
3
NPs was investigated using visible, UV and sunlight
2
.1. Materials
photocatalysis. The photocatalytic degradation was tested by
photocatalysts and an aqueous solution of ketamine in an open cylindri-
cal stainless glass vessel with a volume of 200 mL. In each experiment,
20 mg photocatalyst was suspended in 30 mL model ketamine aqueous
solution with a concentration of 10 mg/L. Then, the suspended solution
was placed in the dark for 30 min under magnetic stirring to check the
adsorption–desorption capability. The concentration of ketamine after
All the chemicals were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Ltd., USA. All
the chemicals used for the study were of analytical grade.
2
3
.2. Preparation of MoO NPs
The powders of 10 mL 0.2 M of ammonium heptamolybdate
tetrahydrate were weighed into a Teflon-lined stainless steel autoclave
of 50 mL capacity, and then 5 mL of 1.5 M HNO aqueous solution was
added in with stirring (the stirring was kept for a while until a
t
reaction was recorded as C and then experiments were carried out fur-
ther for 60 min under visible (1000 W halogen) and UV lights (125 W
UV lamp at 365 nm) light illumination. A second photoreactor for the
solar photocatalysis experiments was constructed using a borosilicate
3
3
Fig. 2. SEM image (A), TEM image (B), EDX pattern (C), particle size distribution (D) of MoO NPs.

A. Fakhri, P.A. Nejad / Journal of Photochemistry & Photobiology, B: Biology 159 (2016) 211–217
213
glass container of 200 mL capacity, 100 mm internal diameter and
00 mm in height where sunlight was directed axially at the center of
2
the reactor. The ketamine concentration was distinguished with the
aid of a two dimensional Gas Chromatography (GC ∗ GC) (Kimia
Shangarf Pars Research Co., Iran).
2
.5. HPLC Condition for Analysis of Intermediates of Photocatalysis Reaction
HPLC analysis was carried out on a Surveyor MS pump (Thermal
Quest, U.S.A.). Chromatographic separation was performed on a
Supelcosil™ LC-18 dB column (5 μm particle size) 4.6 × 250 mm with
precolumn filter of 3 mm frit. The mobile phase consisted of acetoni-
trile: 0.03 M ammonium acetate buffer (50:50 by vol) adjusted to
pH 7.1. The flow rate of the mobile phase was 1.0 mL/min.
2
.6. The Antimicrobial Property
Fig. 4. Effect of pH on the adsorption of morphine on the surface of MoO
3
NPs in dark
condition.
Pure bacterial cultures Escherichia coli (MTCC 443) and Bacillus
subtilis (MTCC 441), were obtained from MTCC. A hole (6 mm) was
bored aseptically in Muller Hinton agar medium with a sterile cork
borer that was already seeded with test organisms. The holes were filled
zone of inhibition around each disc. The diameters of the clear zone of
inhibition were measured in millimeters (mm). To minimize experi-
mental error the experiment was repeated several times.
3
with different concentrations of MoO NPs (10 μL) and stand for 1 h for
the nanoparticles perfusion. The plates were stand for further incuba-
tion at 37 °C for 24 h. The antibacterial activity was measured in terms
of the diameter (in millimeters) of the inhibition zone and compared
with control. The experiment was performed in triplicates.
2.7. Estimating Antioxidant Activity
ABTS radical cations were produced by reacting 7 mM of ABTS and
.45 mM of potassium per sulphate solutions on incubating the mixture
The antifungal activity of the all samples was evaluated against Can-
dida albicans and Aspergillus niger using the disc-diffusion susceptibility
method. 50 mL PDB medium was prepared by dissolving amount of po-
tato dextrose powder (39 g/L) in Millipore water and mixed it properly.
The final volume of 50 mL was made by adding adequate amount of
Millipore water to it. Medium was then sterilized at 121 °C for 15 min.
This medium was poured into five different sterilized petri dishes.
After solidification of these media, 50 μL suspension cultures of
C. albicans and A. niger were evenly dispersed on the solidified culture
media surface. Then sterilized filter paper discs (6 mm diameter) were
placed at the center of each petri dish. The all samples (concentrations
2
in dark place for 16 h at 25 °C. The solution was diluted with PBS to give
an absorbance of 1.000. Different concentrations of the MoO
NPs in
0 μL were added to 140 μL of ABTS working solution and 50 μL of
3
1
water to give a final volume of 200 μL. The absorbance was recorded im-
mediately at 734 nm. BHT was used as reference standard. The amount
inhibition was distinguished from the following equation:
Absorbance of control−Absorbance of test sample
Inhibitionð%Þ ¼
:
Absorbance control
=
10 mg/mL) were mixed with sterilized Millipore water using a low
ð1Þ
power sonicator. In the fifth petri dish the growth of C. albicans and A.
niger was observed for the disc impregnated with only sterile Millipore
water in the absence of samples and it was taken as the fungal control.
Then the dishes were incubated in a thermostatic chamber at 28 °C for
2.8. Cytotoxicity Assay
7
2 h. All petri dishes were kept in regular observation to examine the
3
The cytotoxic influence of synthesized MoO NPs was investigated
by MTT assay using MCF-7 and HEP G2 cell lines. The cells were seeded
Fig. 3. UV–Vis absorption spectra and band gap energy estimation of MoO
The inset iss Kubelka–Munk plot).
3
nanoparticles
Fig. 5. Variation in the degradation of ketamine with or without catalyst under different
modes of operations (pH = 8; concentration = 10 ppm; time = 30 min).
(

214
A. Fakhri, P.A. Nejad / Journal of Photochemistry & Photobiology, B: Biology 159 (2016) 211–217
3
Fig. 6. High-performance liquid chromatograms of ketamine solution during photochemical degradation by MoO NPs; (A) any without reaction, (B) under visible light, (C) under UV light,
and (D) under sunlight irradiation.

A. Fakhri, P.A. Nejad / Journal of Photochemistry & Photobiology, B: Biology 159 (2016) 211–217
215
in 24 well tissue culture plates at a density of 1 × 1016, allowed to attach
and the cells were washed twice with MEM without FCS to remove the
for one day and treated with different concentrations (25–0.625 μg/mL)
dead cells, the cells were incubated with 200 μL (5 mg/mL) of MTT for
of MoO
3
NPs. After the MoO
3
NPs treatment, the medium was changed
2
6–7 h in 5% CO incubator for cytotoxicity. Color development was mea-
sured by a spectrophotometer at 595 nm after cell lyses in DMSO. The
viability was determined by using the following formula.
Mean OD ꢀ 100
Cell viabilityð%Þ ¼
ð2Þ
Control OD
3. Results and Discussion
3
.1. Characterization of the MoO NPs
3
The X-ray diffraction pattern shown in Fig. 1 describes the phase
composition and crystal structure of MoO nanomaterials. The strong
3
peaks at (100) & (210) show crystalline nature of nanomaterials. It
can be seen in orthorhombic lattice system with lattice parameter of
a = 11.92 Å and c = 16.01 Å (JCPDS: 21–0569). No obvious diffraction
patterns were found that show the phase purity of the synthesized
products. The crystallite size can be estimated from the full width half
maximum (FWHM) values found from the predominant (021) diffrac-
tion peak at 25.7° according to the following Debye–Scherrer equation,
D = 0.9λ / βCosθ [21,22], where λ is the wavelength of Cu radiation
(
1.5406 Å), and β is the Bragg diffraction angle. The calculated crystallite
size was around 75 nm.
3
Fig. 2A and 2B shows SEM and TEM images of synthesized MoO . The
synthesized material is shaped like clusters of hexagonal rods. Result
from the EDX spectra indicates that the nanorods contain only oxygen
and molybdenum elements (Fig. 2(C)). Fig. 2(D) indicates the particle
3 3
size plot for MoO nanoparticles. The mean size distribution of MoO
NPs is 75 nm.
Fig. 3A shows UV–Vis absorption spectra of MoO
sorption spectra indicate weak absorption peak at around 430 nm. The
MoO NPs has good absorption for light in this wavelength. The absorp-
3
NPs. Optical ab-
3
tion edge shifted towards the shorter wavelength side. The direct band
2
gap energy can be determined from a plot of (∝hv) vs. photon energy
(hv). The value of energy band gap was distinguished by using the equa-
tions
À
Á
n
αhv ¼ A hv−Eg
ð3Þ
ð4Þ
À
Á
2
ðαhvÞ ¼ A hv−Eg
where α = absorption coefficient, hν=photon energy, A = constant,
= energy band gap, n = 1/2 for the allowed direct band gap. The ex-
E
g
ponent n depends on the type of transition (values 1/2, 2, 3/2 and 3) and
corresponds to the allowed direct, allowed indirect, forbidden direct
and forbidden indirect transitions [23]. The value of direct band gap
2
was determined by (αhν) vs. hν graph (the inset of Fig. 3). The band-
3
gap of MoO NPs was computed as 2.78 eV.
Table 1
3
Zone of inhibition (mm) of MoO NPs against antibacterial and antifungal pathogens.
Organism
MoO
3
nanoparticles
Control
Antibacterial activity
Escherichia coli
Bacillus subtilis
13.41 ± 0.41
11.27 ± 0.37
4.21 ± 0.25
3.15 ± 0.53
Antifungal activity
Candida albicans
Aspergillus niger
21.54 ± 0.28
19.95 ± 0.58
6.72 ± 0.82
6.56 ± 0.41
Fig. 7. The percentage of degraded product in any condition of reaction.

216
A. Fakhri, P.A. Nejad / Journal of Photochemistry & Photobiology, B: Biology 159 (2016) 211–217
reactions with ketamine in the bulk solution or at the interface between
the bubbles and the liquid phase [25,26]. It can be also established in the
present work that under specific conditions i.e. with optimal catalyst,
photocatalysis under sunlight has better efficacy as compared to the
other irradiations with the catalyst (Fig. 5).
3.4. Analysis of Intermediates of Photocatalysis Process
In order to characterize the final and intermediates products of the
photo degradation of ketamine, as well as to probe the degradation
mechanism of the pharmaceutical product, a high-performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC) was performed. Fig. 6 indicates the HPLC sepa-
rations obtained for ketamine solution samples taken during photo deg-
radation experiments. It can be observed that the main peak at the
R
retention time t = 7.49 min, due to ketamine, decreases gradually
and disappears after different light irradiation. There are several separa-
tion peaks appearing like (b) dehydronorketamine and
3 S
Fig. 8. Percentage of inhibition MoO NP for antioxidant activity.
(
c) norketamine, which can be ascribed to the intermediates of the ke-
tamine degradation (Fig. 6). As can be seen, degradation of ketamine
under sunlight is fine and concentration of pathway is very low
(Fig. 7). Therefore, this photocatalysis process is environmentally
friendly.
3
.2. Adsorption Process
The adsorption characteristics of ketamine on the surface of NPs are
very important in photo-degradation reaction. The adsorption process
may be influenced by pH of the interaction medium due to the modifi-
cation of the electrical double layer of the solid electrolyte interface [24].
Therefore, the present study used different pH in order to investigate
3.5. Antibacterial Activity and Antifungal Studies
The antibacterial influence of synthesized MoO NPs (10 μL) were
quantitatively determined on the basis of the zone of inhibition
3
the pH effect on adsorption of ketamine on MoO
Fig. 4). The pH of samples was adjusted by using 0.1 N NaOH or HCl so-
lutions. The adsorption reactions were completed in 30 min interaction.
3
NPs in dark condition
(Table 1) which was compared control group. MoO3 NPs exhibited
strong antibacterial activity against both Gram positive and negative
bacteria.
(
The antifungal activity of MoO
genic C.albicans and A. niger by disc diffusion susceptibility method. The
diameter of inhibition zones around each disc in the presence of MoO
3
NPs was investigated against patho-
3
.3. Degradation Process
3
For evaluating of photocatalysis process, degradation of ketamine
NPs is determined. Table 1 shows the inhibition zone of control, MoO
3
was studied using visible, ultraviolet and sunlight irradiation by MoO
3
NPs against on C. albicans and A. niger, respectively.
NPs as a nanophotocatalyst. It has been observed that degradation of ke-
tamine was possible up to certain limiting value and it is enhanced
3.6. Antioxidant Activity
through the presence of MoO
degradation is obtained for the optimal MoO
due to the enhanced formation of hydroxyl radicals (•OH), and
hydroperoxyl radicals (•O H) leading to an increase in the rates of
3
for the three irradiations. The maximum
•
+
generated from the ABTS•+ oxidation by potassium
3
after 30 min of treatment
ABTS
persulphate, is an excellent tool for distinguishing the antioxidant activ-
ity of chain breaking antioxidants and hydrogen-donating samples [27].
2
3 S
Fig. 9. Percentage of viability MoO NP on MCF-7 and HEP G2 cell line.

A. Fakhri, P.A. Nejad / Journal of Photochemistry & Photobiology, B: Biology 159 (2016) 211–217
217
Free radical scavenging activity of the MoO
3
NPs on ABTS radicals was
References
obtained to raise with increased in the concentration, demonstrating
maximum inhibition (82.54%) at 1 mM and minimum inhibition
[
[
1] A. Fakhri, S. Behrouz, M. Pourmand, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 149 (2015) 45.
2] A. Fakhri, M. Pourmand, R. Khakpour, S. Behrouz, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 149
(2015) 78.
3] A.Y.C. Lin, X.H. Wang, C.F. Lin, Chemosphere 81 (2010) 562.
4] N. Perkas, G. Amirian, O. Girshevitz, J. Charmet, E. Laux, G. Guinert, H. Keppner, A.
Gedanken, Surf. Coat. Technol. 205 (2011) 3190.
(
55.20%) at 0.125 mM solution (Fig. 8).
[
[
3
.7. Cytotoxic Activity
[
[
5] A.S. Nair, R. Jose, Y. Shengyuan, S. Ramakrishna, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 353 (2011)
3
9.
6] Q. Wang, Y.Z. Pan, S.S. Huang, S.T. Ren, P. Li, J.J. Li, Nanotechnology 22 (2011)
25501.
[7] L. Xu, H. Song, B. Dong, Y. Wang, J. Chen, X. Bai, Inorg. Chem. 49 (2010) 10590.
3
The cytotoxicity activity of the MoO nanoparticles on MCF-7 and
HEP G2 cells were investigated by the MTT assay. The MCF-7 and HEP
G2 cells showed reduction in viability of cells with increase in concen-
0
[
[
8] T. Ressler, A. Walter, Z.-D. Huang, W. Bensch, J. Catal. 254 (2008) 170.
9] S.A. Toma´s, M.A. Arvizu,, O. Zelaya-Angel, P. Rodrı'guez, Thin Solid Films 518 (2009)
tration of MoO
to be 7.94 for MCF-7 and 10.88 for HEP G2 (Fig. 9). The result indicated
that the root mediated prepared MoO NPs possess best selectivity to
3
NPs. The percentage of viability at 25 μL was obtained
1332.
3
[10] J.X. Liu, Y. Ando, X.L. Dong, F. Shi, S. Yin, K. Adachi, T. Chonan, A. Tanaka, T. Sato, J.
Solid State Chem. 183 (2010) 2456.
11] K. Sauvet, L. Sauques, A. Rougier, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 71 (2010) 696.
12] R.J. Elliot, Phys. Rev. 108 (1957) 1384.
13] C. Julien, A. Khelfa, O.M. Hussain, J.A. Nazri, J. Cryst. Growth 156 (1995) 235.
14] E. Reverchon, G. Della Porta, E. Torino, J. Supercrit, Fluoride 53 (2010) 95.
15] W.S. Kim, H.C. Kim, S.H. Hong, J. Nanoparticle Res. 12 (2010) 1889.
16] D. Parviz, M. Kazemeini, A.M. Rashidi, K.J. Jozani, J. Nanoparticle Res. 12 (2010) 1509.
[17] A. Khademi, R. Azimirad, Y.T. Nien, A.Z. Moshfegh, J. Nanoparticle Res. 13 (2011)
115.
cancer cell and can display potential property in chemotherapy and can-
cer chemoprevention.
[
[
[
[
[
[
4
. Conclusions
The present research has shown that ketamine drug can be effec-
tively degraded under source light irradiations (visible, UV and sun-
light). It can be concluded that for effective degradation of ketamine,
use of catalyst is vital. The particles were highly stable; then we feel
[
[
18] S. Li, C. Shao, Y. Liu, S. Tang, R. Mu, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 67 (2006) 1869.
19] M. Dhanasankar, K.K. Purushothaman, G. Muralidharan, Appl. Surf. Sci. 257 (2011)
2
074.
[20] M. Dhanasankar, K.K. Purushothaman, G. Muralidharan, Solid State Sci. 12 (2010)
46.
21] A. Fakhri, S. Behrouz, Sol. Energy 117 (2015) 187–191.
22] A. Fakhri, S. Behrouz, Sol. Energy 112 (2015) 163–168.
MoO
3
NPs may be applied for the degradation of pharmaceutical efflu-
NPs exhibited excellent antimicrobial, anti-
2
ents. The synthesized MoO
3
[
[
oxidant activity and also potent cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and HEP G2
finding its application as a potential chemo-preventive agent.
[23] J.C. Manifacier, M.D. Murcia, J.P. Fillard, E. Vicario, Thin Solid Films 41 (1997)
27–135.
1
[
24] A. Franco, M.C. Neves, M.M.L.R. Carrot, M.H. Mendonc¸a, M.I. Pereira, O.C. Monteiro, J.
Hazard. Mater. 161 (2009) 545–550.
Acknowledgment
[
[
25] M.A. Beckett, I. Hua, Environ, Sci. Technol. 34 (2000) 3944–3953.
26] N.H. Ince, G. Tezcanli-Guyer, R.K. Belen, I.G. Apikyan, Appl. Catal., B 29 (2001)
The authors gratefully acknowledge the support for this research by
the Young Researchers and Elites club and Islamic Azad University, Sci-
ence and Research Branch.
1
67–176.
[
27] L.P. Leong, G. Shui, Food Chem. 76 (2002) 75.