cas 35572-78-2, 2-AMINO-4,6-DINITROTOLUENE

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ANALYTE DETECTION
The present invention relates to sensitive SE(R)RS based methods for detecting analytes such as explosives and drugs, which may be present in a sample at extremely low levels. The methods may be generally carried out in situ employing novel chemistry whic
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(2008/12/08)

Characteristic features of the selective action of platinum-doped glass fiber woven catalysts in the liquid-phase reduction of polyfunctional aromatic nitro compounds
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Chuntiag, Wu,Dorokhov,Boiko,Bal'zhinimaev,Barelko
p. 111 - 113
(2007/10/03)

Change in regioselectivity in the monoreduction of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene with titanium(III) and vanadium(II) ions in the presence of iron(II) and copper(II) salts
Small additives of iron(II) or copper(II) salts change the regioselectivity of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene monoreduction with titanium(III) chloride affording predominantly less accessible 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene over 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (from 25% when the reduction occurs in the absence of the iron and copper salts to 70% in the presence of these salts). A possible mechanism of the process is discussed.
Leibzon,Michalchenko,Leonova,Gultyai
p. 1203 - 1207
(2007/10/03)

The crystal structures of three primary products from the selective reduction of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene
The crystal structures of three primary products from the selective reduction of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) have been determined by synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction (2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene) and single crystal X-ray diffraction (4-amino-2,6-dinitr
Graham, Duncan,Kennedy, Alan R.,McHugh, Callum J.,Smith, W. Ewen,David, William I. F.,Shankland, Kenneth,Shankland, Norman
p. 161 - 165
(2007/10/03)

Treatment of trinitrotoluene by crude plant extracts
Crude plant extract solutions (spinach and parrotfeather) were prepared and spiked with 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) (20 mgl-1). 90-h TNT removal by these solutions was compared to controls. Spinach and parrotfeather extract solutions removed 99
Medina, Victor F.,Larson, Steven L.,Agwaramgbo, Lovell,Perez, Waleska,Escalon, Lynn
p. 725 - 732
(2008/12/21)

Diversity of Contaminant Reduction Reactions by Zerovalent Iron: Role of the Reductate
The reactions of eight model contaminants with nine types of granular Fe(O) were studied in batch experiments using consistent experimental conditions. The model contaminants (herein referred to as "reductates" because they were reduced by the iron metal) included cations (Cu2+), anions (CrO42-, NO3-, and 5,5′,7,7′-indigotetrasulfonate), and neutral species (2-chloroacetophenone, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, carbon tetrachloride, and trichloroethene). The diversity of this range of reductates offers a uniquely broad perspective on the reactivity of Fe(O). Rate constants for disappearance of the reductates vary over as much as four orders of magnitude for particular reductates (due to differences in the nine types of iron) but differences among the reductates were even larger, ranging over almost seven orders of magnitude. Various ways of summarizing the data all suggest that relative reactivities with Fe(O) vary in the order Cu2+, 5,5′,7,7′ -indigotetrasulfonate > 2-chloroacetophenone, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene > carbon tetrachloride, CrO42- > trichloroethene > NO3-. Although the reductate has the largest effect on disappearance kinetics, more subtle differences in reactivity due to the type of Fe(O) suggests that removal of CrO22- and NO 3- (the inorganic anions) involves adsorption to oxides on the Fe(O), whereas the disappearance kinetics of all other types of reductants is favored by reduction on comparatively oxide-free metal. Correlation analysis of the disappearance rate constants using descriptors of the reductates calculated by molecular modeling (energies of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals, LUMO, highest occupied molecular orbitals, HOMO, and HOMO-LUMO gaps) showed that reactivities generally decrease with increasing ELUMO and increasing EGAP (and, therefore, increasing chemical hardness η).
Miehr, Rosemarie,Tratnyek, Paul G.,Bandstra, Joel Z.,Scherer, Michelle M.,Alowitz, Michael J.,Bylaska, Eric J.
p. 139 - 147
(2007/10/03)

Effect of adsorption to elemental iron on the transformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine in solution
The effect of adsorption to elemental iron on the reductive transformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (royal demolition explosive [RDX]) in aqueous solution was studied with scrap iron and high-purity iron. In batch experiments with the same total iron surface area and a mixing rate of 100 rpm, TNT and RDX were removed from the solution within 30 min. With high-purity iron, adsorbed TNT was reduced to 2,4,6-triaminotoluene (TAT) rapidly, with little accumulation of intermediates at the surface. With scrap iron, the extent of adsorption of TNT and its daughter products was more significant and reduction of these adsorbed molecules to TAT was slower. Distribution of the intermediates indicated that the reaction with scrap iron occurred primarily through reduction of the ortho nitro group. Kinetic analysis suggests that mass transfer or adsorption of TNT controlled the overall rate of TNT reduction to TAT with pure iron, whereas with scrap iron, the rate of TAT formation was probably limited by other processes. Compared to TNT, transformation of adsorbed RDX was more rapid and less affected by iron type. The RDX was reduced to an unidentified, water-soluble intermediate and NH4+, which accounted for approximately 50% of the RDX nitrogen. No total organic carbon reduction was observed before and after RDX transformation with scrap iron.
Oh, Seok-Young,Cha, Daniel K.,Kim, Byung J.,Chiu, Pei C.
p. 1384 - 1389
(2007/10/03)

Selective functionalisation of TNT for sensitive detection by SERRS.
Selective chemical functionalisation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene to a surface enhanced resonance Raman active species for sensitive detection.
McHugh, Callum J,Keir, Ruth,Graham, Duncan,Smith, W Ewen
p. 580 - 581
(2007/10/03)

Microbiotic synthesis of 14C-ringlabelled aminodinitrotoluenes (ADNT) and diaminonitrotoluenes (DANT)
The four 14C-ringlabelled TNT-metabolites 2-aminodinitrotoluene (2-ADNT), 4-aminodinitrotoluene (4-ADNT), 2,4-diaminonitrotoluene (2,4-DANT) and 2,6-diaminonitrotoluene (2,6-DANT) were synthesized in one step from TNT by reduction with baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cervisiae). Copyright
Kroeger, Mario,Fels, Gregor
p. 249 - 255
(2007/10/03)

Reaction of polynitrotoluenes with phthalic anhydride
2,4-Dinitro- and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluenes react with phthalic anhydride in boiling N,N-dimethylaniline to give nitro group reduction products.
Marshalkin,Brovko,Samet,Semenov
p. 1244 - 1248
(2007/10/03)

Highly selective one-step synthesis of 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene and 2,6-diamino-4-nitrotoluene from 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene
Selective method of reduction of the ortho-nitro groups in 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene by hydrazine hydrate in the presence of FeCl3 and charcoal has been elaborated. This method allows obtaining either 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene or 2,6-diamino-4-nit
Shevelev,Shakhnes,Ugrak,Vorob'ev
p. 2557 - 2561
(2007/10/03)

Electrochemical treatment of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and related compounds
This work involves electrolysis of nitrotoluene congeners, which are persistent pollutants that enter the environment as a consequence of their manufacture and use as explosives. Reduction to aminotoluenes occurred with high current efficiency at a variety of cathodes, at potentials -0.5 to -1 V vs SCE. The products were formed in high chemical yield and with excellent mass balance. Preliminary experiments were also carried out to find methods of removing the electrolysis products from solution by oxidative oligomerization. The most satisfactory method was partial reoxidation at a Ti/IrO2 anode, suggesting an overall remediation technology in which reduction is followed by reoxidation of the spent catholyte in the anode compartment of the same electrolytic cell. This work involves electrolysis of nitrotoluene congeners, which are persistent pollutants that enter the environment as a consequence of their manufacture and use as explosives. Reduction to aminotoluenes occurred with high current efficiency at a variety of cathodes, at potentials -0.5 to -1 V vs SCE. The products were formed in high chemical yield and with excellent mass balance. Preliminary experiments were also carried out to find methods of removing the electrolysis products from solution by oxidative oligomerization. The most satisfactory method was partial reoxidation at a Ti/IrO2 anode, suggesting an overall remediation technology in which reduction is followed by reoxidation of the spent catholyte in the anode compartment of the same electrolytic cell.
Rodgers, James D.,Bunce, Nigel J.
p. 406 - 410
(2007/10/03)

Reduction of 2,4,6-trinitro[ring-14C]toluene (TNT) with baker's yeast (Saccharomyces Cervisiae)
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Kroeger, Mario,Fels, Gregor
p. 967 - 968
(2007/10/03)

Characterization of oxidation products of TNT metabolism in aquatic phytoremediation systems of Myriophyllum aquaticum
TNT transformation processes in sediment-free, 'natural', aquatic phytoremediation systems of Myriophyllum aquaticum were investigated with specific interest in oxidation products. Extraction procedures combining liquid-liquid extractions and solid-phase extractions were developed for the isolation of the mostly acidic, oxidized TNT metabolites. Six compounds unique from the reduction products of TNT were isolated and characterized by UV-vis, 1H, and 13C NMR spectroscopy, by mass spectroscopy, and by chemical synthesis where feasible. These compounds include 2-amino-4,6- dinitrobenzoic acid, 2,4-dinitro-6-hydroxy-benzyl alcohol, 2-N-acetoxyamino- 4,6-dinitrobenzaldehyde, 2,4-dinitro-6-hydroxytoluene, and two binuclear metabolites unique from the customary azoxytetranitrotoluenes. The monoaryl compounds show clear evidence of oxidative transformations, methyl oxidation and/or aromatic hydroxylation. It is possible that oxidative transformation(s) preceded nitro reduction since studies on exposure of M. aquaticum to either 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene or 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene did not yield any of the oxidation products identified here. The accumulation of oxidation products was significant: 2-amino-4,6-dinitrobenzoic acid, 4.4%; 2,4-dinitro-6-hydroxy-benzyl alcohol, 8.1%; 2-N-acetoxyamino-4,6- dinitrobenzaldehyde, 7.8%; and, 2,4-dinitro-6-hydroxytoluene, 15.6%. The binuclear metabolites accounted for an estimated 5.6%. This study is the first direct evidence for oxidative transformations in aquatic phytoremediation systems. TNT transformation processes in sediment-free, `natural', aquatic phytoremediation systems of Myriophyllum aquaticum were investigated with specific interest in oxidation products. Extraction procedures combining liquid-liquid extractions and solid-phase extractions were developed for the isolation of the mostly acidic, oxidized TNT metabolites. Six compounds unique from the reduction products of TNT were isolated and characterized by UV-vis, 1H, and 13C NMR spectroscopy, by mass spectroscopy, and by chemical synthesis where feasible. These compounds include 2-amino-4,6-dinitrobenzoic acid, 2,4-dinitro-6-hydroxy-benzyl alcohol, 2-N-acetoxyamino-4,6-dinitrobenzaldehyde, 2,4-dinitro-6-hydroxytoluene, and two binuclear metabolites unique from the customary azoxytetranitrotoluenes. The monoaryl compounds show clear evidence of oxidative transformations, methyl oxidation and/or aromatic hydroxylation. It is possible that oxidative transformation(s) preceded nitro reduction since studies on exposure of M. aquaticum to either 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene or 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene did not yield any of the oxidation products identified here. The accumulation of oxidation products was significant: 2-amino-4,6-dinitrobenzoic acid, 4.4%; 2,4-dinitro-6-hydroxy-benzyl alcohol, 8.1%; 2-N-acetoxyamino-4,6-dinitrobenzaldehyde, 7.8%; and, 2,4-dinitro-6-hydroxytoluene, 15.6%. The binuclear metabolites accounted for an estimated 5.6%. This study is the first direct evidence for oxidative transformations in aquatic phytoremediation systems.
Bhadra,Spanggord,Wayment,Hughes,Shanks
p. 3354 - 3361
(2007/10/03)

Kinetics of nitroaromatic reduction on granular iron in recirculating batch experiments
Granular iron has been determined to be a potentially useful reductant for the removal of common organic contaminants from groundwater. This research is aimed at improving our understanding of the processes that control the reactivity and longevity of the iron particles when they are used for groundwater treatment. A suite of nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) including 4-chloronitrobenzene (4CINB), 4-acetylnitrobenzene (4AcNB), nitrobenzene, 2-methylnitrobenzene (2MeNB), and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) was used to investigate granular iron reactivity in anoxic pH 10, 0.008 M KNO3 solution. Master Builder's brand of granular iron with a surface area of about 1 m2/g was used in all experiments. The NACs were reduced rapidly to anilines that were found to sorb reasonably strongly to the solid particles and to interfere with the reduction of NACs. The granular iron was found to lose reactivity quite rapidly over the first few days of exposure and then more slowly over the next several months. Reactivity loss due to reversibly sorbed products was minimized by flushing the system with background electrolyte between experiments. Competition experiments with binary mixtures of 4CINB and each one of the other NACs were performed to investigate relative affinities of these compounds for the solid surface. Despite the overall loss in reactivity observed for the granular iron, the relative rate constants in the competition experiments appeared to remain constant in time. Granular iron has been determined to be a potentially useful reductant for the removal of common organic contaminants from groundwater. This research is aimed at improving our understanding of the processes that control the reactivity and longevity of the iron particles when they are used for groundwater treatment. A suite of nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) including 4-chloronitrobenzene (4CINB), 4-acetylnitrobenzene (4AcNB), nitrobenzene, 2-methylnitrobenzene (2MeNB), and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) was used to investigate granular iron reactivity in anoxic pH 10, 0.008 M KNO3 solution. Master Builder's brand of granular iron with a surface area of about 1 m2/g was used in all experiments. The NACs were reduced rapidly to anilines that were found to sorb reasonably strongly to the solid particles and to interfere with the reduction of NACs. The granular iron was found to lose reactivity quite rapidly over the first few days of exposure and then more slowly over the next several months. Reactivity loss due to reversibly sorbed products was minimized by flushing the system with background electrolyte between experiments. Competition experiments with binary mixtures of 4CINB and each one of the other NACs were performed to investigate relative affinities of these compounds for the solid surface. Despite the overall loss in reactivity observed for the granular iron, the relative rate constants in the competition experiments appeared to remain constant in time.
Devlin, John F.,Klausen, Joerg,Schwarzenbach, Rene P.
p. 1941 - 1947
(2007/10/03)

Phototoxicology: 2. Near-ultraviolet light enhancement of microtox assays of trinitrotoluene and aminodinitrotoluenes
Coexposure of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2A), or 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4A) to near-ultraviolet (nuv) light (λ(max)-354 nm) significantly enhanced their toxicity toward Photobacterium phosphoreum (Microtox bioassay) duri
Johnson,Davenport,Balbach,Schaeffer
p. 23 - 33
(2007/10/03)

Synthesis of Polynitrodiazophenols
The formation of diazophenols by nitration of suitably substituted anilines and rearrangement of the nitroaromatic nitramines so formed is presented.The scope of the reaction is discussed, and a mechanism for the nitramine/diazophenol rearrangement is proposed which is consistent with 15N-labeling experiments.
Atkins, Ronald L.,Wilson, William S.
p. 2572 - 2578
(2007/10/02)

Methods of preparing pentanitrotoluene
Pentanitrotoluene is prepared by a method which comprises preparing an amdinitrotoluene from a precursor of either TNT or 2,5-dinitro-3-methylbenzoic acid, nitrating the aminodinitrotoluene to produce a nitramine intermediate, converting the nitramine intermediate to an aminotetranitrotoluene and oxidizing the aminotetranitrotoluene with peroxydisulfuric acid to pentanitrotoluene. Pentanitrotoluene is an explosive.
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(2008/06/13)

Method of preventing coccidiosis with 3,5-dinitroaniline derivatives and veterinary compositions containing such derivatives
Compounds of the formula: SPC1 Wherein R1 represents hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl or sec-butyl, R2 represents hydrogen or alkyl of 1 through 4 carbon atoms or cycloalkyl of 3 or 4 carbon atoms, an
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(2008/06/13)