- 'Wiring' of glucose oxidase and lactate oxidase within a hydrogel made with poly(vinyl pyridine) complexed with [Os(4,4′-dimethoxy-2,2′-bipyridine)2Cl]+/2+
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Glucose and lactate electrodes based on hydrogels made by crosslinking glucose oxidase and the redox polymer formed upon complexing poly(vinyl pyridine) (PVP) with [Os(dmo-bpy)2Cl]+/2+ (dmo-bpy = 4,4′-dimethoxy-2,2′-bipyridine) on vitreous carbon electrode surfaces have been investigated. The redox potential of the hydrogels was +35 mV vs. SCE and their glucose electrooxidation current reached a plateau at +150 mV vs. SCE. Urate and acetaminophen were not electrooxidized at this potential at rates that would interfere with the glucose and lactate assays. At a glucose concentration of 1 mM, the addition of 0.1 mM ascorbate increased the current by 17%. At 5 mM glucose, switching the atmosphere from argon to oxygen reduced the currents by 11%.
- Kenausis, Gregg,Taylor, Chris,Katakis, Ioanis,Heller, Adam
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Read Online
- Exchange of pyridine and bipyridine ligands in trimethylplatinum(iv) iodide complexes: Substituent and solvent effects
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A series of mononuclear trimethylplatinum(iv) complexes of bipyridine ligands, [PtMe3(L-L)I] (L-L = bipy, 4-Mebipy, 4-MeObipy and 4-Me2Nbipy) has been synthesized by the reaction of trimethylplatinum(iv) iodide with bipyridine ligands L-L in an equimolar ratio. Also, treatment of mononuclear trimethylplatinum(iv) iodide complexes of pyridine ligands, [PtMe3L2I] (L = py, 4-Mepy, 4-MeOpy and 4-Me2Npy) with the corresponding bipyridine ligands leads to the exchange of the pyridines by the bipyridine ligands, thereby resulting in the formation of the more stable chelate bipyridine complexes. The ligand-exchange reactions have been studied by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The 1H NMR spectra of a 1: 1 mixture of mononuclear pyridine complexes [PtMe3L2I] and corresponding bipyridine ligands L-L reveal the formation of two chelate bipyridine complexes, [PtMe3(L-L)I] and [PtMe3(L-L)L]I, in solution. Speciation of the pyridine and bipyridine complexes in solution was found to be dependent on the substituent as well as on the nature of the solvent. Furthermore, crystal structures of three bipyridine complexes [PtMe3(L-L)I] (L-L = 4-Mebipy, 4-MeObipy and 4-Me2Nbipy) have also been investigated here.
- Ghosh, Biswa Nath,Schlecht, Sabine
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p. 101900 - 101909
(2015)
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Read Online
- Electrochemistry and spectroscopy of substituted [Ru(phen)3]2+ and [Ru(bpy)3]2+ complexes
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The metal-to-ligand charge transfer property of nitrogen-based ruthenium complexes earns it a central place in dye-sensitized solar cell and photo-catalytic H2O and CO2 reduction research and applications. Electronic and spectral tuning are conveniently done by altering substituents and ligands. Cyclic voltammograms and UV–visible spectra of a synthesized series of electronically altered phenanthroline and bipyridyl ruthenium complexes (ΔE°' > 1.4 V for RuII-III) were obtained and, amongst others, correlated with DFT computed HOMO energies and ionization potentials. A good linear relationship with R2 = 0.97 were found for the combined bipyridyl and phenanthrolinato ruthenium series, thereby providing a convenient computational tool for the theoretical prediction of associated redox potentials. TDDFT closely simulates spectral properties of these complexes, where λmax varies from 420 to 520 nm. The former wavelength is representative of the dione-phenanthroline and the latter of the dinitro-bipyridyl ruthenium complex.
- van der Westhuizen, Deidré,von Eschwege, Karel G.,Conradie, Jeanet
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- The synthesis of diethyl 2-(2,2 ′ -bipyridin-4-ylmethylene)malonate and diethyl 3,3 ′ -(2,2 ′ -bipyridine-4,4 ′ -diyl)diacrylate
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Abstract: The new acrylic acid derivatives diethyl 2-(2,2′-bipyridin-4-ylmethylene)malonate and diethyl 3,3′-(2,2′-bipyridine-4,4′-diyl)diacrylate which may be used for the introduction of metal coordination sites in polyacrylates were synthesized and characterized. Intermediates of the syntheses were prepared by improved synthetic protocols working under microwave conditions whenever it was advantageous for the resulting product in terms of reaction time and/or chemical yield. In addition, the crystal structure of one of the intermediates, 4,4′-dibromo-2,2′-bipyridine (6), is reported, in which molecules are arranged into infinite chains by C-H—Br interactions. Graphical Abstract: SYNOPSIS Synthesis and characterization of new 2,2’-bipyridine ligands with substituents related to acrylic acid esters are reported. These compounds offer the possibility to incorporate 2,2’-bipyridine ligands or coordination compounds derived from them into polyacrylate materials. [Figure not available: see fulltext.].
- Heintz, Katharina,G?rls, Helmar,Imhof, Wolfgang
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- Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of diverse heterocyclic diphenolic compounds as inhibitors of DYRK1A
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Dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-related kinase 1A (DYRK1A) is a dual-specificity protein kinase that catalyses phosphorylation and autophosphorylation. Higher DYRK1A expression correlates with cancer, in particular glioblastoma present within the brain. We report here the synthesis and biological evaluation of new heterocyclic diphenolic derivatives designed as novel DYRK1A inhibitors. The generation of these heterocycles such as benzimidazole, imidazole, naphthyridine, pyrazole-pyridines, bipyridine, and triazolopyrazines was made based on the structural modification of the lead DANDY and tested for their ability to inhibit DYRK1A. None of these derivatives showed significant DYRK1A inhibition but provide valuable knowledge around the importance of the 7-azaindole moiety. These data will be of use for developing further structure-activity relationship studies to improve the selective inhibition of DYRK1A.
- Zhou, Qingqing,Reekie, Tristan A.,Abbassi, Ramzi H.,Indurthi Venkata, Dinesh,Font, Josep S.,Ryan, Renae M.,Munoz, Lenka,Kassiou, Michael
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p. 5852 - 5869
(2018/11/10)
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- Electronic effects on reactivity and anticancer activity by half-sandwich N,N-chelated iridium(iii) complexes
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The synthesis and characterization of a series of organometallic half-sandwich N,N-chelated iridium(iii) complexes bearing a range of electron-donating and withdrawing substituents were described. The X-ray crystal structures of complexes 1, 3 and 5 have been determined. This work demonstrated how the aqueous chemistry, catalytic activity in converting coenzyme NADH to NAD+ and anticancer activity can be controlled and fine-tuned by the modification of the ligand electronic perturbations. In general, the introduction of an electron-withdrawing group (-Cl and-NO2) on the bipyridine ring resulted in increased anticancer activity, whereas an electron-donating group (-NH2,-OH and-OCH3) decreased the anticancer activity. Complex 6 bearing a strongly electron-withdrawing NO2 group displayed the highest anticancer activity (7.3 ± 1.2 μM), ca. three times as active as cisplatin in the A549 cell line. Notably, selective cytotoxicity for cancer cells over normal cells was observed for complexes 1 and 6. DNA binding does not seem to be the primary mechanism for cancer fighting. However, the aqueous chemistry, cell apoptosis and cell cycle, which show similar dependence on the ligand electronic perturbations as the anticancer activity, appear to together contribute to the anticancer potency of theses complexes. This work may provide an alternative strategy to enhance anticancer activity for these N,N-chelated organometallic half-sandwich iridium(iii) complexes.
- Guo, Lihua,Zhang, Hairong,Tian, Meng,Tian, Zhenzhen,Xu, Yanjian,Yang, Yuliang,Peng, Hongwei,Liu, Peng,Liu, Zhe
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supporting information
p. 16183 - 16192
(2018/10/04)
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- Ruthenium(II)–Pyridylimidazole Complexes as Photoreductants and PCET Reagents
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Complexes of the type [Ru(bpy)2pyimH]2+[bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine; pyimH = 2-(2-pyridyl)imidazole] with various substituents on the bpy ligands can act as photoreductants. Their reducing power in the ground state and in the long-lived3MLCT excited state is increased significantly upon deprotonation, and they can undergo proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) in the ground and excited state. PCET with both the proton and electron originating from a single donor resembles hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and can be described thermodynamically by formal bond dissociation free energies (BDFEs). Whereas the class of complexes studied herein has long been known, their N–H BDFEs have not been determined even though this is important in view of assessing their reactivity. Our study demonstrates that the N–H BDFEs in the3MLCT excited states are between 34 and 52 kcal mol–1depending on the chemical substituents at the bpy spectator ligands. Specifically, we report on the electrochemistry and PCET thermochemistry of three heteroleptic complexes in 1:1 (v/v) CH3CN/H2O with CF3, tBu, and NMe2substituents on the bpy ligands.
- Pannwitz, Andrea,Prescimone, Alessandro,Wenger, Oliver S.
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p. 609 - 615
(2017/02/05)
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- In order to BipySi for preparation of the prismatic body cage oligomeric silsesquioxane and its rare earth luminescent material
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The invention relates to a cage type oligomeric silsesquioxane prepared by taking BipySi as supplement bodies and a rare earth luminescent material prepared from cage type oligomeric silsesquioxane. By taking 1,3,5,7,9,11,14-heptaisobutyl tricyclic[7,3.3.15,11] heptatrisiloxane-intra-3,7,14-triol as a matrix, alpha-thenoyl trifluoroacetone silanized derivative, a dipyridine silanized derivative and a terpyridyl silanized derivative as supplement bodies, the supplement bodies react with the matrix in form of supplements to form integrated novel cage type oligomeric silsesquioxane. The cage type oligomeric silsesquioxane is combined with rare earth elements to form a POSS/rare earth ion luminescent material. The obtained rare earth ion luminescent material/POSS is rich in luminescent color, high in color purity, long in fluorescent lifetime (0.5-1.5ms), high in quantum efficiency (20) and strong in thermal stability (350 DEG C) and light stability, is a valuable optical material and can be applied to the field of display and development, light source, X-ray intensifying screen and the like.
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- Long-Lived, Emissive Excited States in Direct and Amide-Linked Thienyl-Substituted RuII Complexes
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The excited state behavior of a new series of homoleptic and heteroleptic RuII complexes bearing thienyl groups appended to a 2,2′-bipyridine chelating ligand via direct, secondary and tertiary amide linkages is examined. The results of nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, emission lifetime measurements and bimolecular quenching experiments are correlated to determine that although the amide linkage does not act as a conjugated bridge to the peripheral substituents, it does not preclude possible electron transfer processes. Complexes bearing directly bound thienyl and bithienyl substituents exhibit long excited state and emission lifetimes (τem = 2 and 15 μs), with high emission quantum yields in solution (Φ = 0.35) and slow rates of non-radiative decay.
- Majewski, Marek B.,Smith, Jeremy G.,Wolf, Michael O.,Patrick, Brian O.
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p. 1470 - 1479
(2016/04/26)
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- Hydroxyl and amino functionalized cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes: Synthesis, characterization and cytotoxicity studies
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A series of Ir(III) complexes (?N)2Ir(N N) (N N are 4,4′-dihydroxy-2,2′-bipyridine and 4,4′-diamino-2,2′-bipyridine, and ?N are phenylpyridine, benzo[h]quinolone, and 2-phenylquinoline) were synthesized and characterized. Two of the complexes were structurally characterized via X-ray crystallography. The photophysical and photochemical properties of these complexes were studied. Preliminary studies of their applications on pH sensing, and cell imaging were also performed.
- Wu, Zhaozhen,Mu, Juanjuan,Wang, Qiong,Chen, Xing,Jensen, Lasse,Yi, Changqing,Li, Mei-Jin
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p. 175 - 182
(2015/06/22)
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- Strongly blue luminescent cationic iridium(III) complexes with an electron-rich ancillary ligand: Evaluation of their optoelectronic and electrochemiluminescence properties
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Two strongly blue luminescent cationic heteroleptic iridium complexes 1b and 2b bearing a 4,4′-bis(dimethylamino)-2,2′-bipyridine (dmabpy) ancillary ligand and either 1-benzyl-4-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole (dFphtl) or 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-5-methylpyridine (dFMeppyH), respectively, have been synthesized and fully characterized. In comparison with other analogues, the interplay of the triazole unit with the dmabpy unit and methylation of the pyridine ring are discussed with respect to the photophysical, electrochemical, and electrochemiluminescent (ECL) properties of the complexes. The two complexes, 1b and 2b, are blue emitters with λmax = 495 and 494 nm, respectively. The nature of the excited states was established by various photophysical and photochemical experiments as well as DFT calculations. Both complexes emit from a ligand-centered state, however, the emission of 1b possesses significant charge-transfer character, which is absent in 2b. The presence of the methyl group on the cyclometalating ligand leads only to a modest increase in the radiative rate constant, k r, but otherwise does not appreciably influence the optoelectronic properties of the complex compared with the non-methylated analogue. In contrast, the efficacy of the ECL emission when scanning to 2.50 V is strongly influenced by the presence of the methyl group. ECL emission is also enhanced in complexes bearing dmabpy ancillary ligands compared with those containing dtBubpy ligands. The two complexes exhibit similar electrochemical behavior. Incorporation of the dmabpy ligand shifts both the oxidation and reduction cathodically. The combination of the dmabpy and dFphtl groups increases the redox potential difference and thus the HOMO-LUMO gap but the emission is not further blueshifted. Thus, the structural modification of the cyclometalating ligand, although only modestly tuning the emission energy, modulates the nature of the excited state and the efficiency of the ECL process. The synthesis, photophysical, electrochemical, and electrochemiluminescent properties of two highly emissive cationic blue-emitting Ir complexes are reported. Variation of the ligand results in a change in the nature of the emission. The decoration on both the cyclometalating and ancillary ligands strongly influences the ECL efficiencies. A detailed DFT/TDDFT study corroborates experiment. Copyright
- Ladouceur, Sebastien,Swanick, Kalen N.,Gallagher-Duval, Shawn,Ding, Zhifeng,Zysman-Colman, Eli
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p. 5329 - 5343
(2013/11/06)
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- ORGANIC METAL DYE, AND PHOTOELECTRIC ELEMENT AND DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELL USING THE ORGANIC METAL DYE
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The present invention relates to an organic metal dye comprising fused heterocyclic derivatives, and to a photoelectric element and to a dye-sensitized solar cell using the organic metal dye.
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- Electronic optimization of heteroleptic Ru(II) bipyridine complexes by remote substituents: Synthesis, characterization, and application to dye-sensitized solar cells
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We prepared a series of new heteroleptic ruthenium(II) complexes, Ru(NCS)2LL0 (3a-3e), where L is 4,40-di(hydroxycarbonyl)-2,20-bipyridine and L0 is 4,40-di(p-Xphenyl)- 2,20-pyridine (X = CN (a), F (b), H (c), OMe (d), and NMe2 (e)), in an attempt to explore the structure-activity relationships in their photophysical and electrochemical behavior and in their performance in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). When substituent X is changed from electron-donating NMe2 to electron-withdrawing CN, the absorption and emission maxima reveal systematic bathochromic shifts. The redox potentials of these dyes are also significantly influenced by X. The electronic properties of the dyes were theoretically analyzed using density functional theory calculations; the results show good correlations with the experimental results. The solar-cell performance of DSSCs based on dye-grafted nanocrystalline TiO2 using 3a-3e and standard N3 (bis[(4,40-carboxy-2,20-bipyridine)(thiocyanato)]ruthenium(II)) were compared, revealing substantial dependences on the dye structures, particularly on the remote substituent X. The 3d-based device showed the best performance: η = 8.30%, JSC = 16.0 mA 3 cm-2, VOC = 717 mV, and ff = 0.72. These values are better than N3-based device. 2011 American Chemical Society. 2011 American Chemical Society.
- Han, Won-Sik,Han, Jung-Kyu,Kim, Hyun-Young,Choi, Mi Jin,Kang, Yong-Soo,Pac, Chyongjin,Kang, Sang Ook
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p. 3271 - 3280
(2011/06/22)
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- A modular 'click' approach to substituted 2,2′-bipyridines
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The CuAAC reaction was used for the development of a click approach to a series of triazole-substituted bipyridinyl derivatives. 4,4′-Diethinyl 2,2′-bipyridine and 4,4′-diazido 2,2′-bipyridine were synthesized and tested in the cycloaddition reactions. While 4,4′-diazido 2,2′-bipyridine revealed unreactive in CuAAC reactions, its corresponding N,N′-dioxide afforded the expected cycloaddition product. Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart.
- Fabbrizzi, Pierangelo,Cecconi, Bianca,Cicchi, Stefano
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scheme or table
p. 223 - 226
(2011/03/22)
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- Conversion of solar energy to chemical energy
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The rate of evolution of hydrogen from water by photochemical process using solar energy has been investigated employing fourteen metal complexes as catalysts, ten electron relays, three electron donors and two co-catalysts in different permutation and combinations. The effect of varying reaction conditions like temperature, concentration and pH have also been investigated for the optimum production of hydrogen by the photochemical cleavage of water molecules.
- Ranganayakulu,Murthy
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scheme or table
p. 309 - 316
(2011/08/09)
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- Towards allosteric receptors - Synthesis of Resorcinarene-Functionalized 2,2′-Bipyridines and their metal complexes
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Based on a first: example of an allosteric hemicarcerand (1) we prepared four new 2,2′bipyridines that carry resorcinarene moieties in a highly convergent manner. Upon coordination to suitable transition metal ions or their complexes these compounds undergo conformational changes in a way that: they switch between "open" and. "closed" forms (2, 3, and 4) or vice versa (5), thus, bringing together or separating the two functional, moieties on the central, bipyridine, Among the transition metal complexes that act: as effectors for the conformational switching, [Re(CO)5Cl] and monomeric copper(I) complexes of sterically hindered 2,9-arylated 1,10-phenanthrolines proved, to be very effective.
- Staats, Holger,Eggers, Friederike,Hass, Oliver,Fahrenkrug, Frank,Matthey, Jens,Luening, Ulrich,Luetzen, Arne
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body text
p. 4777 - 4792
(2009/12/25)
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- Syntheses, characterizations, and properties of electronically perturbed 1,1′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridinium tetrafluoroborates
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The syntheses of three new 2,2′-bipyridinium tetrafluoroborate sensitizers are reported. Their preliminary electrochemical and photophysical properties are compared to the properties of the more widely used pyrylium cation sensitizers. In addition, the first examples of triplet-triplet absorption spectra of 2,2′-bipyridinium ions are presented.
- Zhang, Dong,Dufek, Eric J.,Clennan, Edward L.
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p. 315 - 319
(2007/10/03)
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- Improved synthesis of 4,4′-diamino-2,2′-bipyridine from 4,4′-dinitro-2,2′-bipyridine-N,N′-dioxide
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A superior synthetic route to 4,4′-diamino-2,2′-bipyridine has been developed. This procedure compares favorably with existing methods, producing 4 times the yield previously reported. In addition, mild reaction conditions are utilized, allowing a considerably more efficient production, and subsequent purification, of the diamino complex.
- Kavanagh, Paul,Leech, Dónal
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p. 121 - 123
(2007/10/03)
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- Catalytic Conversions in Water. Part 22: Electronic Effects in the (Diimine)palladium(II)-Catalysed Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols
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The electronic effects in the (diimine)Pd-(II)-catalysed aerobic oxidation of alcohols were investigated from the viewpoint of both the catalyst and the alcohol. A 'push-pull' mechanism is operative, where both electron-donating substituents on the benzyl alcohol (ρ = -0.58) and electron-withdrawing groups on the 4,4′-disubstituted-2,2′-bipyridine ligand (ρ = +0.18) increase the reaction rate. The results indicate partial reduction of the palladium centre in the transition state of the rate-limiting step.
- Ten Brink, Gerd-Jan,Arends, Isabel W. C. E.,Hoogenraad, Marcel,Verspui, Goeran,Sheldon, Roger A.
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p. 497 - 505
(2007/10/03)
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- Divalent osmium complexes: Synthesis, characterization, strong red phosphorescence, and electrophosphorescence
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We report new divalent osmium complexes that feature strong red metal-to-ligand-charge-transfer (MLCT) phosphorescence and electrophosphorescence. The general formula of the complexes is Os(II)(N-N)2L-L, where N-N is either a bipyridine or a phenanthroline and L-L is either a phosphine or an arsine. New polypyridyl ligands synthesized are 4,4′-di(biphenyl)-2,2′-bipyridine (15) and 4,4′-di(diphenyl ether)-2,2′-bipyridine (16), and the 1,10-phenanthroline derivatives synthesized are 4,7-bis(p-methoxyphen-yl)-1,10-phenanthroline (17), 4,7-bis(p-bromophenyl)-1,10-phenanthroline (18), 4,7-bis(4′-phenoxybiphen-4-yl)-1,10-phenanthroline (19), and 4,7-bis(4-naphth-2-ylphenyl)-1,10-phenanthroline (20). 4,4′-Diphenyl-2,2′-bipyridine (21) and 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (22) were also used in these studies. Strong π-acid ligands used were 1,2-bis(diphenylarseno) ethane (23), cis- 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethylene (24), and cis-1,2-vinylenebis(diphenylarsine) (25). Ligand 25 is used for the first time in these types of luminescent osmium complexes. These compounds feature strong MLCT absorption bands in the visible region and strong red phosphorescent emission ranging from 611 to 651 nm, with quantum efficiency up to 45% in ethanol solution at room temperature. Red organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) were successfully fabricated by doping the Os(II) complexes into blend of poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) and 2-tert-butylphenyl-5-biphenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (PBD). Brightness over 1400 cd/m2 for a double-layer device has been reached, with a turn-on voltage of 8 V. The maximum external quantum efficiency was 0.64%. Commission Internationale de I'Eclairage (CIE) chromaticity coordinates (x, y) of the red electrophosphorescence from the complexes are (0.65, 0.34), which indicates pure red emission.
- Carlson, Brenden,Phelan, Gregory D.,Kaminsky, Werner,Dalton, Larry,Jiang, Xuezhong,Liu, Sen,Jen, Alex K.-Y.
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p. 14162 - 14172
(2007/10/03)
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- Preparation and Characterisation of 2,2'-Bipyridine-4,4'-disulphonic and -5-sulphonic Acids and their Ruthenium(II) Complexes. Excited-state Properties and Excited-state Electron-transfer Reactions of Ruthenium(II) Complexes containing 2,2'-Bipyridine-4,4'-disulphonic Acid or 2,2'-Bipy..
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We report the syntheses of 2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'-disulphonic acid (H2bp-4,4'-ds) and 2,2'-bipyridine-5-sulphonic acid (Hbp-5-s), and several ruthenium(II) complexes derived therefrom, including 4-, 2- (bipy=2,2'-bipyridine), , and - and their 2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid (H2bpdc) analogues, viz. 4-, 2-, and .Some novel thioalkyl derivatives of 2,2'-bipyridine, including 4,4'-di(methylthio)-2,2'-bipyridine, 4,4'-di(ethylthio)-2,2'-bipyridine, and 4,4',6,6'-tetra(methylthio)-2,2'-bipyridine, were also prepared and characterised during the course of this investigation.The luminescent states of the complexes 4-, 2-, 4-, 2-, and were studied using variable-temperature lifetime measurements.Studies of the quenching of 2+>*, >*, 2->*, and 4->* by 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium bromide (methyl viologen) in aqueous solution as a function of ionic strength have demonstrated that the effects of charge in these electron-transfer reactions can be understood in terms of conventional theories of ionic reactions whilst, at the same time, confirming the effective charges of the ruthenium(II) complex ions.The rate constants for the quenching of 4->* and 2->* by copper(II) ions in neutral aqueous solution show unusual (non-Arrhenius) temperature dependences.A novel kinetic scheme involving parallel inner- and outer-sphere quenching mechanisms has been proposed to account for the observed behaviour.The luminescence decay of >* in the presence of aqueous copper(II) ions at pH 3.5 is non-exponential.This is interpreted in terms of a combination of static and dynamic quenching effects.
- Anderson, Susan,Constable, Edwin C.,Seddon, Kenneth R.,Turp, Janet E.,Baggott, James E.,Pilling, Michael J.
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p. 2247 - 2262
(2007/10/02)
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