- Mechanism of reaction of n-butane with but-2-enes in the presence of LaCaX faujasites
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The reactions of n-butane and an n-butane (80 mol. percent)-isobutane (20 mol. percent) mixture with but-2-enes in the presence of polycationic PdLaCaX faujasites were studied. Quantum-chemical calculation of the enthalpies of formation of alkanes C4-C8 a
- Bachurikhin, A. L.,Mortikov, E. S.,Gribanov, V. Yu.,Abronin, I. A.
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- GAS-TO-GAS REACTOR AND METHOD OF USING
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A device and a process to propagate molecular growth of hydrocarbons, either straight or branched chain structures, that naturally occur in the gas phase of a first gas to gas phase molecules of a second gas having higher molecular chain lengths than the hydrocarbons of the first gas. According to one embodiment, the device includes a grounded reactor vessel having a gas inlet, a product outlet, and an electrode within the vessel; a power supply coupled to the electrode for creating an electrostatic field within the vessel for converting the first gas to a second gas.
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Paragraph 0176-0178
(2021/02/05)
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- GAS-TO-LIQUID REACTOR AND METHOD OF USING
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A device and a process to propagate molecular growth of hydrocarbons, either straight or branched chain structures, that naturally occur in the gas phase to a molecular size sufficient to shift the natural occurring phase to a liquid or solid state is provided. According to one embodiment, the device includes a grounded reactor vessel having a gas inlet, a liquid outlet, and an electrode within the vessel; a power supply coupled to the electrode for creating an elecirostatic field within the vessel for converting the gas to a liquid and or solid state.
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Paragraph 0140-0142
(2019/08/15)
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- PROCESS OF MAKING OLEFINS OR ALKYLATE BY REACTION OF METHANOL AND/OR DME OR BY REACTION OF METHANOL AND/OR DME AND BUTANE
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Methods of simultaneously converting butanes and methanol to olefins over Ti-containing zeolite catalysts are described. The exothermicity of the alcohols to olefins reaction is matched by endothermicity of dehydrogenation reaction of butane(s) to light olefins resulting in a thermo- neutral process. The Ti-containing zeolites provide excellent selectivity to light olefins as well as exceptionally high hydrothermal stability. The coupled reaction may advantageously be conducted in a staged reactor with methanol/DME conversion zones alternating with zones for butane(s) dehydrogenation. The resulting light olefins can then be reacted with iso-butane to produce high-octane alkylate. The net result is a highly efficient and low cost method for converting methanol and butanes to alkylate.
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Page/Page column 15; 25; 26; 31; 32
(2017/05/10)
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- Enhancement of dehydrogenation and hydride transfer by La3+ cations in zeolites during acid catalyzed alkane reactions
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La3+ cations exchanged into ultrastable zeolite Y and zeolite X promote catalytic isomerization, cracking, and alkylation of alkanes. La 3+ cations stabilize the zeolite lattices and, more importantly, polarize alkane C-H bonds to enhance the rates of all three reactions. This unique activity leads to stable cracking and isomerization of reactive alkanes, with polarizable C-H bonds with adjacent tertiary or quaternary carbon atoms below 370 K. The presence of La3+ cations also enhances the zeolite catalyzed hydride transfer rate for isobutane alkylation with 2-butene leading to high catalyst stability. Solid state MAS NMR shows that the strongest positive effects are associated with nonhydroxylated La3+ cations accessible to the reacting molecules in supercages of the zeolite. The high activity is the result of a cooperative polarization of C-H bonds of alkanes by La3+ cations and the presence of stable and strong Bronsted acid sites.
- Schuessler, Florian,Schallmoser, Stefan,Shi, Hui,Haller, Gary L.,Ember, Erika,Lercher, Johannes A.
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p. 1743 - 1752
(2014/06/24)
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- Ionic liquid enhanced alkylation of iso-butane and 1-butene
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The alkylation of iso-butane with 1-butene was catalyzed by triflic acid (TFOH) coupled with a series of protic ammonium-based ionic liquids (AMILs), and the addition of the AMILs dramatically enhanced the efficiency of TFOH for the alkylation reaction. Up to 85.1% trimethylpentanes (TMP) selectivity and 98 research octane number (RON) were achieved with the optimized TFOH/AMIL catalyst (75 vol.% triflic acid and 25 vol.% triethylammonium hydrogen sulfate), which were much better than that with the commercial H2SO4 catalyst (65% TMP selectivity, 97 RON) and pure triflic acid. The addition of AMILs increased the I/O ratio dissolved in the catalyst system and adjusted the acidity of the TFOH/AMILs catalyst system, which were highly beneficial to the alkylation reaction and resulted in high TMP selectivity and high RON.
- Cui, Peng,Zhao, Guoying,Ren, Hailing,Huang, Jun,Zhang, Suojiang
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- DIMERIZATION PROCESS
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A process for the dimerization of isoolefins is disclosed. The process may include: contacting an isoolefin with sulfurous acid in a reaction zone at conditions of temperature and pressure sufficient to dimerize at least a portion of the isoolefin
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Page/Page column 4-5
(2011/04/18)
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- Alkylation of isobutane with 2-butene using ionic liquids as catalyst
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Alkylation of isobutane with 2-butene was performed in a batch reactor using the ionic liquid 1-n-octyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide aluminium chloride ([OMIM]Br-AlCl3) pure, and in a mixture with compounds containing SO3H-groups. The acidity of the ionic liquid (IL) was modified by the addition of acid cation exchange resins (dry or with a small amount of water), or by the addition of a second IL ([(HO3SBu)MIM]HSO4). A high content of the desired trimethylpentanes (up to 64%) and thus a high research octane number (RON up to 96) of the alkylate was obtained. The reusability of the IL systems was studied and compared with a catalyst commercially used at present (H2SO4).
- Bui, Thi Le Thuy,Korth, Wolfgang,Aschauer, Stephan,Jess, Andreas
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scheme or table
p. 1961 - 1967
(2010/06/15)
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- Zeolites as the modern catalysts for the high octane gasoline component production
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Processes of isobutane with butenes alkylation with the purpose of obtaining the high octane gasoline'component (alkylate), being environmentally detrimental due to use of concentrated H2SO4 or HF acids as catalysts, are nevertheless of great industrial importance supplying the world market with approximately 80 mln tons of alkylate yearly. The perspective of zeolite catalysts as the substitutes of the above concentrated acids in the modern alkylation process has been considered. The most effective today's solid alkylation catalyst of the narrow acid spectrum has been found. Such acidity spectrum is considered to be responsible for the essential prolongation of the effective catalyst lifetime.
- Patrylak,Patrylak,Ionin,Voloshyna,Skubiszewska-Zieba,Repetskyi
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p. 101 - 106
(2008/09/19)
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- Stages of aging and deactivation of zeolite LaX in isobutane/2-butene alkylation
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The formation of carbonaceous deposits and their effect on aging and deactivation of zeolite LaX during isobutane/2-butene alkylation at 348 K were investigated by stopping the reaction at different times on stream. Four stages of the reaction were identified: (1) stable alkylation, (2) deposit transformation, (3) slow deactivation, and (4) rapid deactivation. Deposits consist mostly of bicyclic compounds and branched carbenium ions, which are formed already at the beginning of the reaction and block Bronsted acid sites. During the deposit transformation, migration of smaller entities toward the pore mouth occurs. These cyclic compounds are further alkylated and lead to pore mouth plugging. In the final stage of rapid deactivation, the catalyst stops producing alkylate, and butene oligomerization is the main reaction leading to olefin desorption and massive deposit formation at the outside of the zeolite particles.
- Sievers, Carsten,Zuazo, Iker,Guzman, Alexander,Olindo, Roberta,Syska, Hitrisia,Lercher, Johannes A.
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p. 315 - 324
(2008/02/13)
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- Paraffin alkylation
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A liquid acid process is disclosed in which a hydrocarbon component containing an olefin, an olefin precursor or mixture and an isoalkane and a liquid acid catalyst is fed to a downflow reaction zone containing a disperser, under conditions to induce pulse flow at or near the outlet to react the isoalkane and olefin to produce a reaction product and feeding the reaction product to a vaporization zone containing a disperser under conditions to induce pulse flow at or near the outlet of the vaporization zone. A pressure drop across the disperser in the vaporization zone causes partial vaporization of the hydrocarbon which quench es the heat reaction and cooling the unvaporized portion of said reaction product, which is recovered and allowed to separate into an acid phase and hydrocarbon phase containing the alkylate. The acid catalyst and hydrocarbons may be fractally fed to the reaction zone.
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Page/Page column 7
(2008/06/13)
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- Alkylation process with recontacting in settler
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A system and/or process for decreasing the level of at least one organic fluoride present in a hydrocarbon phase contained in an alkylation settler by contacting the hydrocarbon phase with an HF containing stream, containing greater than about 80 wt. % and less than about 94 wt. % HF, in the intermediate portion of the settler which contains at least one tray system, with each tray system comprising a perforated tray defining a plurality of perforations and a layer of packing below the perforated tray, are disclosed.
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Page/Page column 3-5
(2008/06/13)
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- Catalyst and process for contacting a hydrocarbon and ethylene
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A process of contacting at least one feed hydrocarbon, containing three to about seven carbon atoms per molecule, and ethylene in a hydrocarbon-containing fluid in the presence of a catalyst composition to provide at least one product hydrocarbon isomer containing about four to about nine carbon atoms per molecule is provided. The at least one feed hydrocarbon can be selected from paraffins, isoparaffins, and the like and combinations thereof. The catalyst composition contains a hydrogen halide component, a sulfone component, and a metal halide component.
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- Disproportionation of hydrocarbons
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A novel hydrocarbon disproportionation process is provided and includes contacting a hydrocarbon feed comprising at least one paraffin with a disproportionation catalyst comprising a support component, a metal, and a halogen in a disproportionation reaction zone under disproportionation reaction conditions.
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- Alkene oligomerization process
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A process for oligomerising alkenes having from 3 to 6 carbon atoms which comprises contacting a feedstock comprising a) one or several alkenes having x carbon atoms, and, b) optionally, one or several alkenes having y carbon atoms, x and y being different, with a catalyst containing a zeolite of the MFS structure type, under conditions to obtain selectively oligomeric product containing predominant amounts of certain oligomers. The process is carried out at a temperature comprised between 125 and 175° C. when the feedstock contains only alkenes with 3 carbon atoms and between 140 and 240° C., preferably between 140 and 200° C. when the feedstock contains comprises at least one alkene with 4 or more carbon atoms.
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- Formation of trimethylpentanes from isobutane and 1-butene catalyzed by sulfated metal oxides
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The gas-phase alkylation of 1-butene with isobutane was carried out over superacids of sulfated metal oxides, SO4/Fe2O3, SO4/Al2O3, SO4/TiO2, SO4/SnO2, and SO4/ZrO2, at 0 °C; SO4/SnO2 gave the highest yield of trimethylpentane (TMP). It was proved from relationship between the catalyst acidities and the yields of C8 paraffins that the first intermediate species was a t-butyl cation formed on the superacidic Lewis site by abstraction of H- followed by the alkylation with butenes to form TMP.
- Satoh, Kunihiko,Matsuhashi, Hiromi,Arata, Kazushi
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p. 231 - 232
(2007/10/03)
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- MxOy/SO42--/dealuminated zeolite β (M=Ti, Fe) as novel catalysts for alkylation of isobutane with 1-butene
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A new kind of MxOy/SO42--/H-form dealuminated β (DHβ) catalysts prepared here were applied to alkylation of isobutane with 1-butene. The group of MxCy/SO42-/DHβ (M = Ti, Fe) catalysts has a lower rate of deactivation and higher selectivity of this alkylation than other group of Hβ and DHβ. It is proposed that the strong acid sites corresponding to the active sites for this alkylation can be formed by the interaction among DHβ, MxOy, and SO42-.
- Sun, Mingxing,Sun, Jianwei,Li, Quanzhi
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p. 519 - 520
(2007/10/03)
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- Isobutane/2-Butene Alkylation on Ultrastable Y Zeolites: Influence of Zeolite Unite Cell Size
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The alkylation reaction of isobutane with trans-2-butene has been carried out on a series of steam-dealuminated Y zeolites with unit cell sizes ranging from 2.450 to 2.426 nm.A fixed-bed reactor connected to an automatized multiloop sampling system allowed us to make differential product analysis from very short (1 min or less) to longer times on stream.A maximum in the initial 2-butene conversion was found on samples with unit cell sizes between 2.435 and 2.450 nm.However, the TMP/DMH ratio, i.e., the alkylation-to-oligomerization ratio, continuously increased withzeolite unit cell size.The concentration of reactants in the pores, the strength distribution of Broensted acid sites, and the extent of hydrogen transfer reactions, which in turn depend on the framework Si/Al ratio of a given zeolite, were seen to affect activity and product distribution of the catalysts.Finally, the influence of these factors on the aging characteristics of the samples was also discussed.
- Corma, A.,Martinez, A.,Martinez, C.
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p. 185 - 192
(2007/10/02)
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