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Despite their unique potential as rare 1,1-dipole synthons, allyl sulfones are rarely used in target-oriented syntheses, likely due to the lack of a general catalytic method for their branch-selective allylic substitution. Herein, we identified allyl 4-chlorophenyl sulfone as a versatile linchpin for both base-mediated α-derivatization and subsequent cobalt-catalyzed allylic substitution. The sequential transformations allow for highly regioselective access to branched allylic substitution products with a variety of aliphatic side chains. The photoredox-enabled cobalt catalysis is indispensable for achieving high yields and regioselectivity for the desulfonylative substitution in contrast to traditional metal-catalyzed protocols, which lead to inferior outcomes in the corresponding transformations.

Selective introduction of fluorine into molecules by the cleavage of inert C?H bonds is of central academic and synthetic interest, yet remains challenging. Given the central role of alcohols in organic chemistry as the most ubiquitous building blocks, a

Primary aliphatic carboxylic acids were treated with N-iodosuccinimide (NIS) in 1,2-dichloroethane to form the corresponding alkyl iodides under warming conditions. Based on these results, those aliphatic carboxylic acids were treated with NIS, followed by the reaction with K2CO3to give the corresponding N-alkylsuccinimides in good yields in one pot. Moreover, those aliphatic carboxylic acids were treated with N-chlorosuccinimide (NCS) and NaI, followed by the reaction with K2CO3to provide the corresponding N-alkylsuccinimides in good to moderate yields in one pot. By using the present method, successive treatment of primary aliphatic carboxylic acids (10 mmol) with NIS, K2CO3, and then hydrazine provided the corresponding decarboxylated primary amines in good yield.

We describe the indium-catalyzed reductive iodination of aliphatic and aromatic esters with iodine and 1,1,3,3- tetramethyldisiloxane (TMDS). This reducing procedure accommodates a variety of esters, including esters containing alkyl groups, halogens, a hydroxy group, a thioether, and an alkene moiety. Also, this procedure was applied to the cleavage of carbon-oxygen bonds in acrylate polymers.

A novel series of tertiary amines as retinoid-related orphan receptor gamma-t (RORγt) inverse agonists was discovered through agonist/inverse agonist conversion. The level of RORγt inhibition can be enhanced by modulating the conformational disruption of H12 in RORγt LBD. Linker exploration and rational design led to the discovery of more potent indole-based RORγt inverse agonists.

Highly effective indium(III)-catalyzed reductive bromination or iodination of a variety of carboxylic acids with 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane (TMDS) and a source of bromine or iodine is described. This functional group interconversion has high tolerance for several functional groups, such as halogens, a hydroxy group, a nitro group, an olefin part, and a sulfide moiety. This indium catalytic system is also applicable to the reductive iodination of aldehyded, acyl chlorides, and esters. Furthermore, this reducing system can be applied to the one-pot synthesis of alkyl halides and amine derivatives via the addition of nucleophiles. Insight into the reaction mechanism was gained via the time course of 1H and 13C NMR monitoring experiments and the corresponding stepwise reactions.

The one-pot preparation of alkyl cyanides from carboxylic acids via alkyl iodides or alkyl bromides, which were in situ generated either by indium(III)-catalyzed reductive iodination or bromination of carboxylic acids, is described. Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart New York.

The Type 1 PI3Kinases comprise a family of enzymes, which primarily phosphorylate PIP2 to give the second messenger PIP3, a key player in many intracellular signaling processes [Science, 2002, 296, 1655; Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 2003, 24, 366]. Of the four type 1 PI3Ks, the γ-isoform, which is expressed almost exclusively in leukocytes [Curr. Biol., 1997, 7, R470], is of particular interest with respect to its role in inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [Mol. Med. Today, 2000, 6, 347]. Investigation of a series of 4,6-disubstituted-4H-benzo[1,4]oxazin-3-ones has led to the identification of single-digit nanomolar inhibitors of PI3Kγ, several of which had good cell based activity and were shown to be active in vivo in an aspectic peritonitis model of inflammatory cell migration.

(Chemical Equation Presented) Trisubstituted gem-diiodoalkenes of functionalized chains are efficiently reduced to the corresponding terminal geminal diiodides in high yields upon treatment with the diazene precursor, diethyl 4-(hydrazinosulfonyl)-benzyl phosphonate.

In this paper we describe the synthesis of a series of α-substituted analogues of the potent and selective group II metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) agonist (1S,1'S,2'S)-carboxycyclopropylglycine (2, L-CCG 1). Incorporation of a substituent on the amino acid carbon converted the agonist 2 into an antagonist. All of the compounds were prepared and tested as a series of four isomers, i.e., two racemic diastereomers. On the basis of the improvement in affinity realized for the α-phenylethyl analogue 3, in this paper we explored the effects of substitution on the aromatic ring as a strategy to increase the affinity of these compounds for group II mGluRs. Affinity for group II mGluRs was measured using [3H]glutamic acid (Glu) binding in rat forebrain membranes. Antagonist activity was confirmed for these compounds by measuring their ability to antagonize (1S,3R)-1- aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid-induced inhibition of forskolin stimulated cyclic-AMP in RGT cells transfected with human mGluR2 and mGluR3. Meta substitution on the aromatic ring of 3 with a variety of substituents, both electron donating (e.g., methyl, hydroxy, amino, methoxy, phenyl, phenoxy) and electron withdrawing (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, carboxy, trifluoromethyl) gave from 1.5- to 4.5-fold increases in affinity. Substitution with p-fluorine, as in 97 (IC50 = 0.022 ± 0.002), was the exception. Here, a greater increase in affinity was realized than for either the ortho- or meta-substituted analogues; 97 was the most potent compound resulting from monosubstitution of the aromatic. At best, only modest increases in affinity were realized for certain compounds bearing either two chlorines or two fluorines, and two methoxy groups gave no improvement in affinity (all examined in a variety of substitution patterns). Three amino acids, 4, 5, and 104, were resolved into their four constituent isomers, and affinity and functional activity for group II mGluRs was found to reside solely in the S,S,S-isomers of each, consistent with 1. With an IC50 = 2.9 ± 0.6 nM, the resolved xanthylmethyl compound 168 was the most potent compound from this SAR. Amino acid 168 demonstrated high plasma levels following intraperitoneal (ip) administration and readily penetrated into the brain. This compound, however, had only limited (~5%) oral bioavailability. Systemic administration of 168 protected mice from limbic seizures produced by the mGluR agonist 3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine, with an ED50 = 31 mg/kg (ip, 60 min preinjection). Thus, 168 represents a valuable tool to study the role of group II mGluRs in disease.

Treatment of 5-(2-arylethyl)-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydroisoquinolines with 48percent HBr resulted in isomerisation of the double bond and subsequent cyclisation at position 6 of the octahydroisoquinoline ring system to give (+/-)--9-halogeno-2-methyl-1,2,3,4,4a,4b,5,6,10b,11,12,12a-dodecahydronaphtho2,1-f>isoquinolines.The products obtained represent novel analogues of aza-D-homoestranes.No reaction was observed with the corresponding 5,5-disubstituted octahydroisoquinolines.An X-ray crystallographic study of compound 10 (X = Br) is described.

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