- Using Data Science To Guide Aryl Bromide Substrate Scope Analysis in a Ni/Photoredox-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling with Acetals as Alcohol-Derived Radical Sources
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Ni/photoredox catalysis has emerged as a powerful platform for C(sp2)–C(sp3) bond formation. While many of these methods typically employ aryl bromides as the C(sp2) coupling partner, a variety of aliphatic radical sources have been investigated. In principle, these reactions enable access to the same product scaffolds, but it can be hard to discern which method to employ because nonstandardized sets of aryl bromides are used in scope evaluation. Herein, we report a Ni/photoredox-catalyzed (deutero)methylation and alkylation of aryl halides where benzaldehyde di(alkyl) acetals serve as alcohol-derived radical sources. Reaction development, mechanistic studies, and late-stage derivatization of a biologically relevant aryl chloride, fenofibrate, are presented. Then, we describe the integration of data science techniques, including DFT featurization, dimensionality reduction, and hierarchical clustering, to delineate a diverse and succinct collection of aryl bromides that is representative of the chemical space of the substrate class. By superimposing scope examples from published Ni/photoredox methods on this same chemical space, we identify areas of sparse coverage and high versus low average yields, enabling comparisons between prior art and this new method. Additionally, we demonstrate that the systematically selected scope of aryl bromides can be used to quantify population-wide reactivity trends and reveal sources of possible functional group incompatibility with supervised machine learning.
- Doyle, Abigail G.,Gandhi, Shivaani S.,Jiang, Shutian,Kariofillis, Stavros K.,Martinez Alvarado, Jesus I.,?urański, Andrzej M.
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supporting information
p. 1045 - 1055
(2022/01/19)
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- Compound with BRD4 inhibitory activity, preparation method and application thereof
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The invention discloses a compound with BRD4 inhibitory activity, a preparation method and application thereof. The structure of the compound with the BRD4 inhibitory activity is shown as a formula I, and definitions of substituent groups are shown in the specification and claims. The compound provided by the invention has very high bromodomain protein inhibition activity, especially BRD4 targeted inhibition activity, and can be used for treating or/and preventing related diseases mediated by bromodomain protein.
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Paragraph 0929-0933
(2021/04/10)
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- Metal-free reduction of unsaturated carbonyls, quinones, and pyridinium salts with tetrahydroxydiboron/water
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A series of unsaturated carbonyls, quinones, and pyridinium salts have been effectively reduced to the corresponding saturated carbonyls, dihydroxybenzenes, and hydropyridines in moderate to high yields with tetrahydroxydiboron/water as a mild, convenient, and metal-free reduction system. Deuterium-labeling experiments have revealed this protocol to be an exclusive transfer hydrogenation process from water. This journal is
- Li, Tiejun,Peng, Henian,Tang, Wenjun,Tian, Duanshuai,Xu, Guangqing,Yang, He
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p. 4327 - 4337
(2021/05/31)
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- Biocatalytic Asymmetric Reduction of γ-Keto Esters to Access Optically Active γ-Aryl-γ-butyrolactones
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An efficient stereoselective syntheses of a series of functionalized optically active γ-aryl-γ-butyrolactones is achieved by enzymatic asymmetric reduction of the corresponding sterically demanding γ-keto esters employing wild-type and recombinant alcohol dehydrogenases. The best stereoselectivities for the reduction via hydrogen transfer was obtained with two short chain dehydrogenases (SDRs) of complementary stereospecificity from Aromatoleum aromaticum, namely the Prelog-specific NADH-dependent (S)-1-phenylethanol dehydrogenase [(S)-PED] and the anti-Prelog-specific (R)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-ethanol dehydrogenase [(R)-HPED], respectively.Biotransformations catalyzed by both enzymes, followed by TFA-catalyzed cyclization of the resulting γ-hydroxy esters, furnished the respective (S)- and (R)-configured products with exquisite optical purity (up to >99% ee). The synthetic value was demonstrated on preparative scale for the asymmetric bioreduction of the model compound, methyl 4-oxo-4-phenylbutanoate, affording optically pure (S)-γ-phenyl-γ-butyrolactone (>99% ee) in 67–74% isolated yield at 89–95% conversion depending on the applied scale. (Figure presented.).
- ??d?o-Dobrowolska, Anna,Borowiecki, Pawe?,Heider, Johann,Kroutil, Wolfgang,Reiter, Tamara,Schühle, Karola,Szaleniec, Maciej,Tataruch, Mateusz,Telatycka, Natalia
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- Photoredox-Catalyzed Isomerization of Highly Substituted Allylic Alcohols by C?H Bond Activation
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Photoredox-catalyzed isomerization of γ-carbonyl-substituted allylic alcohols to their corresponding carbonyl compounds was achieved for the first time by C?H bond activation. This catalytic redox-neutral process resulted in the synthesis of 1,4-dicarbonyl compounds. Notably, allylic alcohols bearing tetrasubstituted olefins can also be transformed into their corresponding carbonyl compounds. Density functional theory calculations show that the carbonyl group at the γ-position of allylic alcohols are beneficial to the formation of their corresponding allylic alcohol radicals with high vertical electron affinity, which contributes to the completion of the photoredox catalytic cycle.
- Guo, Kai,Huang, Jun,Li, Anding,Li, Yuanhe,Yang, Zhen,Zhang, Zhongchao
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p. 11660 - 11668
(2020/05/25)
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- Transition Metal-Free Alkyne-Aldehyde Reductive C?C Coupling trough Cascade Borylation/Olefin Isomerization
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A direct approach to γ-keto esters through cascade alkyne-aldehyde reductive C?C coupling of propargyl esters and aromatic aldehydes under transition-metal-free (TM-free) fashion was developed. Compared with multistep processes, this procedure provides a
- Khan, Imran,Luo, Zhibin,Xu, Yin,Xie, Jimin,Zhu, Weihua,Liu, Bin
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- An expeditious entry to rare tetrahydroimidazo[1,5-c]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrimidin-7(8H)-ones: A single-step gateway synthesis of glochidine congeners
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A single-step gateway synthesis of glochidine and its congeners that possess the rare uncommon tetrahydroimidazo[1,5-c]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrimidine core was developed employing histamine and readily available γ-ketoesters. Key features of the developed reaction involve tandem three C–N bonds formation and concomitant annulation of two rings in one pot to access this unique and complex tricyclic structure. Exploration of the unknown bioactivity of these compounds revealed that they elicit antiproliferative activity comparable to the anticancer drug imatinib against 6 cancer cell lines.
- Seo, Jeong Moo,Hassan, Ahmed H.E.,Lee, Yong Sup
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supporting information
(2019/11/26)
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- Synthesis of Novel C 2-Symmetric Sulfur-Based Catalysts: Asymmetric Formation of Halo- and Seleno-Functionalized Normal- and Medium-Sized Rings
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The synthesis of novel, highly functionalized, C 2 -symmetric sulfur-based catalysts is developed and their catalytic applications are explored in asymmetric bromo-, iodo- and seleno-functionalizations of alkenoic acids. This protocol provides
- Jana, Sadhan,Kumar, Sangit,Rathore, Vandana,Verma, Ajay
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supporting information
p. 1667 - 1672
(2019/08/28)
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- Conversion of γ- and δ-Keto Esters into Optically Active Lactams. Transaminases in Cascade Processes
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A one-pot two-step enzymatic strategy has been designed for the production of optically active γ- and δ-lactams in aqueous medium under mild conditions. The approach is based on the biotransamination of ethyl or methyl keto esters bearing different alkyl or aryl substitution patterns at α-position to the ketone functionality. In this manner, the keto esters were transformed into the corresponding amino esters with excellent conversions, which underwent spontaneous cyclisation in the reaction medium without addition of external reagents. Depending on the transaminase selectivity, both lactam enantiomers can be obtained, so initial enzyme screenings were performed using commercially available and made in house enzymes. Reaction conditions were optimised focusing on the substrate concentration, temperature and ratio of amine donor vs acceptor. Thus, ten γ- and δ-lactams were obtained in good to high isolated yields (70–90%) and excellent selectivities (94–99%) after one or two days at 30 or 45 °C. (Figure presented.).
- Mourelle-Insua, ángela,Zampieri, Luiz Arthur,Lavandera, Iván,Gotor-Fernández, Vicente
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p. 686 - 695
(2018/02/21)
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- Method for preparing pemetrexed disodium key intermediate
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The invention discloses a method for preparing a pemetrexed disodium key intermediate (I). The method comprises the following steps: carrying out classical Friedenylation and esterification reactionson raw materials comprising toluene and succinic anhydride to obtain methyl 3-(4-methylphenyl)-4-oxobutanoate, carrying out oxygen or air oxidation on the methyl 3-(4-methylphenyl)-4-oxobutanoate under the catalysis of N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) and cobalt acetate to obtain 4-(methoxy-4-oxobutylcarbonyl)benzoic acid, and carrying out selective reduction, selective oxidation, esterification and bromination reactions on the obtained oxidation product to prepare methyl 4-(3-bromo-4-oxobutyl)benzoate. The method has the advantages of cheap and easily available raw materials, mild reaction conditions, simplicity in treatment, good yield and good purity of the product, and suitableness for industrial production.
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-
Paragraph 0058; 0059; 0060; 0061
(2018/03/28)
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- Light-Driven Vitamin B12-Catalysed Generation of Acyl Radicals from 2-S-Pyridyl Thioesters
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Acyl radicals are invaluable intermediates in organic synthesis, however their generation remains challenging. Herein, we present an unprecedented light-driven, cobalt-catalysed method for the generation of acyl radicals from readily available 2-S-pyridyl thioesters. The synthetic potential of this methodology was demonstrated in the Giese-type acylation of activated olefins in the presence of heptamethyl cobyrrinate. This vitamin B12 derivative proved to be the most efficient catalyst in the studied process. The developed method features broad substrate scope (38 examples), good functional group tolerance, and mild reaction conditions. Moreover, it is easily scalable (illustrated on a 20-fold scale-up procedure), enabling its preparative use. Mechanistic studies revealed that the reaction proceeds via a radical pathway with the key steps involving the formation of an acyl-vitamin B12 complex and subsequent photolysis of the Co?C bond. (Figure presented.).
- Ociepa, Micha?,Baka, Oskar,Narodowiec, Jakub,Gryko, Dorota
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supporting information
p. 3560 - 3565
(2017/10/24)
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- Mg(OMe)2 promoted allylic isomerization of γ-hydroxy-α,β-alkenoic esters to synthesize γ-ketone esters
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This work concerns the Mg(OMe)2 promoted allylic isomerization of γ-hydroxy-α,β-alkenoic esters with TMEDA as an additive. The isomerization proceeded under mild conditions and afforded γ-keto esters in high yield (up to 96%) within 2 h. Both (Z)- and (E)-γ-hydroxy-α,β-alkenoic esters were tolerated under the reaction conditions. This transformation involves the in situ formation of a dienolate intermediate from the easily accessible γ-hydroxy-α,β-alkenoic ester. The in situ generated dienolate can react with benzaldehyde and undergo a practical, useful tandem allylic isomerization-Aldol reaction to afford more functionalized compounds.
- Lai, Luhao,Li, A-Ni,Zhou, Jiawei,Guo, Yarong,Lin, Li,Chen, Wei,Wang, Rui
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p. 2185 - 2190
(2017/03/17)
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- Organoselenium-catalyzed synthesis of oxygen- and nitrogen-containing heterocycles
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A new and efficient approach for the synthesis of oxygen and nitrogen heterocycles by organoselenium catalysis has been developed. The exo-cyclization proceeded smoothly under mild conditions with good functional group tolerance and excellent regioselectivity. Mechanistic studies revealed that 1-fluoropyridinium triflate is key for oxidative cyclization.
- Guo, Ruizhi,Huang, Jiachen,Huang, Haiyan,Zhao, Xiaodan
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supporting information
p. 504 - 507
(2016/02/18)
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- Palladium-Catalyzed Room-Temperature Acylative Suzuki Coupling of High-Order Aryl Borons with Carboxylic Acids
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This note describes a dimethyl dicarbonate-assisted, Pd(OAc)2/PPh3-catalyzed acylative Suzuki coupling of carboxylic acids with diarylborinic acids or tetraarylboronates for practical and efficient synthesis of sterically undemanding aryl ketones at room temperature. More than just cost-effective alternatives to aryl boronic acids, diarylborinic acids and tetraarylboronates displayed higher reactivity in the acylative Suzuki coupling. A variety of alkyl aryl ketones, including those bearing a hydroxy, bromo, or carbonyl group, could be readily obtained in modest to excellent yields.
- Si, Shufen,Wang, Chen,Zhang, Nan,Zou, Gang
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p. 4364 - 4370
(2016/06/09)
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- Remote activation of the nucleophilicity of isatin
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The concept of the remote activation of reactivity was first applied in asymmetric organocatalysis. An isatin 3-phenylimine derivative acts as a donor in the thiourea catalyzed asymmetric addition to unsaturated 1,4-ketoesters, affording aza-Michael adducts in high enantiomeric purity and yield.
- Zari, Sergei,Kudrjashova, Marina,Pehk, Tonis,Lopp, Margus,Kanger, Tonis
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supporting information
p. 1740 - 1743
(2014/04/17)
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- Erogorgiaene congeners and methods and intermediates useful in the preparation of same
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Disclosed are compounds having the formula: wherein R21 is an alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, hydroxy, or amino group or a halogen atom; wherein R2 is hydrogen or an alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, or amino group; wherein R23 and R24 are independently selected from hydrogen, an alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, hydroxy, or amino group, and a halogen atom or wherein R23 and R24, taken together with the carbon atom to which they are bound, form a ring; wherein R25 is hydrogen, an alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, hydroxy, or O-silyl group or a halogen atom; wherein Z, taken together with the carbons to which it is bonded, forms a 5-12 membered ring; and wherein Y is an electron withdrawing group. These compounds can be used to prepare erogorgiaene congeners, such as erogorgiaene, pseudopterosin A, helioporin E, pseudopteroxazole, colombiasin A, elisapoterosin B, elisabethadione, p-benzoquinone natural products, ileabethin, sinulobtain B, sinulobtain C, and sinulobtain D.
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Page/Page column 28
(2010/04/30)
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- Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl-acetic acid hydrazides, processes for their preparation and pharmaceutical uses thereof
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The invention provides novel imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl-acetic acid hydrazides of formula (I) wherein R1, R2 and R3 have different meanings, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, polymorphs, hydrates, tautomers, solvates and stereoisomers thereof. Compou
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-
Page/Page column 8-9
(2008/06/13)
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- One-pot synthesis of oxo acid derivatives by RhI-catalyzed chelation-assisted hydroacylation
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Various oxo acid derivatives were obtained directly from the reaction of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes with ω-alkenoic acid derivatives in the presence of rhodium(I) complexes and 2-amino-3-picoline. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2006.
- Jo, Eun-Ae,Jun, Chul-Ho
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p. 2504 - 2507
(2007/10/03)
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- Direct synthesis of (+)-erogorgiaene through a kinetic enantiodifferentiating step
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(Chemical Equation Presented) The combined approach of C-H activation and a Cope rearrangement catalyzed by a rhodium catalyst [Rh2(R-dosp) 4] (dosp = (N-dodecylbenzenesulfonyl)prolinate) is shown to be a very effective method for the construction of the three stereogenic centers (marked in red, see scheme) present in the diterpene erogorgiaene (1).
- Davies, Huw M. L.,Walji, Abbas M.
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p. 1733 - 1735
(2007/10/03)
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- N-(4-(PIPERAZIN-1-YL)-PHENYL-2-OXAZOLIDINONE-5-CARBOXAMIDE DERIVATES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS AS ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS
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The present invention provides antibacterial agents having the formula I described herein. or-pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof wherein: A is a structure i, ii, iii, or iv,W is N(H)C(X)-R,. Het, or -Y HET, in which the Hot or Y HET is option
- -
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Page/Page column 34-35
(2010/02/07)
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- Intermolecular hydroacylation of acrylate esters: A new route to 1,4-dicarbonyls
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1,4-Dicarbonyl compounds can be prepared using a Rh(I) mediated hydroacylation reaction between (2-aminopicolyl)imines and acrylate esters followed by acid hydrolysis.
- Willis,Sapmaz
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p. 2558 - 2559
(2007/10/03)
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- Syntheses and antiinflammatory activity of some 6-aryl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-pyridazinones
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6-Aryl-2, 3, 4, 5-tetrahydro-3-pyridazinones (2c-22c) are obtained by dehydrocyclisation of various hydrazides formed by the reaction of appropriate methyl β-aroylpropionate and hydrazine hydrate in the presence of anhydrous sodium acetate. They show promising antiinflammatory activity during their evaluation by carrageenin induced paw edema test in rats.
- Khan,Siddiqui
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p. 614 - 619
(2007/10/03)
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- THERAPEUTIC AGENT FOR DIABETES
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A therapeutic agent for diabetes, which comprises a compound of the formula [I] wherein Xis a group of the formula wherein R4and R5are the same or different and each is a hydrogen atom, an optionally substituted alkyl having 1 to 5 carbon atoms and the like, and R6is a hydrogen atom or an amino-protecting group; R1is an optionally substituted alkyl having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted alkenyl having 2 to 6 carbon atoms and the like, R2is a hydrogen atom, an optionally substituted alkyl having 1 to 5 carbon atoms and the like, R2' is a hydrogen atom, and R3is an optionally substituted alkyl having 1 to 5 carbon atoms and the like, a prodrug thereof, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a hydrate thereof and a solvate thereof. The compound of the present invention shows superior blood sugar decreasing action on the state of hyperglycemia, but does not affect the blood sugar when it is in the normal range or in the hypoglycemic state, which means that it is free of serious side effects such as hypoglycemia. Therefore, the compound of the present invention is useful as a therapeutic drug for diabetes and also useful as a preventive of the chronic complications of diabetes.
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- Self-assembly of styrylthiophene amphiphiles in aqueous dispersions and interfacial films: Aggregate structure, assembly properties, photochemistry, and photophysics
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Fatty acids and phosphatidyl choline derivatives incorporating the photoreactive trans-styrylthiophene chromophore have been prepared and studied in Langmuir-Blodgett films and aqueous dispersions, respectively. Both absorption and fluorescence spectra in the assemblies show prominent shifts indicative of aggregation similar to that observed with similar trans-stilbene and trans-azobenzene derivatives previously investigated. Studies of aqueous dispersions of the pure styrylthiophene phospholipids indicate the formation of structures much larger than the typical small unilamellar bilayer vesicles formed from saturated phospholipids of comparable chain length. Studies of the disaggregation process for two of the phospholipids give aggregation numbers of approximately 2 and 6, corresponding to 4 and 12 styrylthiophene units per aggregate. The stability of these aggregates is very similar to those of corresponding stilbene aggregates, and on the basis of spectral similarities it seems reasonable to propose a "pinwheel" fraction of a glide or herringbone structure as the "unit aggregate" and predominate species present in the aqueous dispersions. However, the chief photoreaction observed for the aqueous dispersions of the phospholipids is dimerization to form the syn head-to-head dimer, consistent with topologically controlled reaction from a translation structure in which nearest-neighbor chromophores are aligned parallel. Simulations suggest that while a translation layer structure may be of lowest energy, glide layer structures that show good agreement between measured and predicted properties are also energetically accessible. A possible explanation for the observed reactivity and photophysics is that within the aqueous dispersions there may be equilibration between "glide" and "translation" structures. When mixtures of the styrylthiophene phospholipids and saturated phospholipids are codispersed, bilayer vesicles are formed that are capable of entrapping reagents such as carboxyfluorescein. Irradiation of the aggregated trans-styrylthiophene in these vesicles leads to release of the entrapped carboxyfluorescein concurrent with photodimerization of the styrylthiophene. The pattern of reagent release is similar to that observed upon photoisomerization of the corresponding azobenzene aggregates and suggests a "catastrophic" destruction of the vesicles.
- Song, Xuedong,Perlstein, Jerry,Whitten, David G.
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p. 5440 - 5450
(2007/10/03)
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- Chemoselective addition of Grignard reagents to alkoxycarbonylalkyl-N-imidazolium-N-methyl amides: Synthesis of 4-oxo and homologous esters
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A method for the synthesis of 4-oxo and homologous esters is achieved by metalation of alkoxycarbonylalkyl-N-imidazolium-N-methyl amides with 1 equiv of LDA followed by highly chemoselective addition of 1 equiv of a Grignard reagent.
- De Las Heras, Maria A.,Vaquero, Juan J.,Garcia-Navio, Jose L.,Alvarez-Builla, Julio
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p. 1817 - 1820
(2007/10/03)
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- A general and straightforward approach to α,ω-ketoesters
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Chemoselective cross-coupling reactions of monoesters of dicarboxylic acid chlorides with organocopper reagents derived from Grignard reagents, cuprous bromide, and lithium bromide, provide a simple and straightforward method for synthesizing a variety of ketoesters.
- Babudri, Francesco,Fiandanese, Vito,Marchese, Giuseppe,Punzi, Angela
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p. 13513 - 13520
(2007/10/03)
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- Generation of Acyl Radicals from 1-Oxidoalkylidenechromium(0) Complexes by Treatment with Bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato)copper(II) and Their Reactions with Olefins
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Tetramethylammonium pentacarbonyl(1-oxidoalkylidene)chromium(0) complexes are oxidized with bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato)copper(II) to generate acyl radicals which react electron-deficient olefins, giving intermolecular addition products.
- Sakurai, Hidehiro,Narasaka, Koichi
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p. 2017 - 2020
(2007/10/02)
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- Lipase-Catalyzed Preparation of Optically Active γ-Butyrolactones in Organic Solvents
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Lipases in anhydrous organic solvents catalyze the lactonization of esters of γ-hydroxy carboxylic acids with a high degree of stereospecifity.Under these conditions the lipases exhibit both enantioselectivity and prochiral selectivity.We exploited the enzymes' enantioselectivity for synthesis of chiral lactones from racemic γ-hydroxy esters and their prochiral stereospecifity, i.e. the ability to discriminate between enantiotopic groups of a prochiral molecule, for the enantioconvergent lactonization of symmetrical γ-hydroxy diesters.This approach was used to develop a convenient, high yielding, and stereoselective route to several optically active γ-substituted γ-butyrolactones.
- Gutman, Arie L.,Zuobi, Kheir,Bravdo, Tamar
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p. 3546 - 3552
(2007/10/02)
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- Preparation and Rearrangement of cis-Methyl 3,4-Epoxy-4-(4'-methylphenyl)butanoate
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AlCl3 catalysed bromination of methyl 4-keto-4-(4'-methylphenyl)butanoate (2) is regioselective and furnishes methyl 3-bromo-4-keto-4-(4'-methylphenyl)butanoate (3). 3 on NaBH4 reduction in the presence of NaHCO3 furnishes a mixture of cis-methyl 3,4-epoxy-4-(4'-methylphenyl)butanoate (9), methyl (E)-4-hydroxy-4-(4'-methylphenyl)but-2-enoate (12), 4-(4'-methylphenyl)butanolide (26) and 2. 12 can be transformed to 1 on heating with NaOH-ethanol.BF3 catalysed rearrangement of 9 furnishes methyl 3-keto-4-(4'-methylphenyl)butanoate (17).The sequence of reactions 2->3->9->17 constitutes an interesting example of ketone transposition and provides a convenient route for the preparation of 17 from the readily available 2.
- Bhat, K. S.,Rao, A. S.
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p. 355 - 358
(2007/10/02)
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