58024-22-9Relevant articles and documents
Thiolytic decomposition of the carcinogen N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. A change in rate-limiting step with nucleophile basicity controls alkylating activity
Santala, Taina,Fishbein, James C.
, p. 8852 - 8857 (2007/10/02)
The kinetics of the reaction of seven alkanethiolates with N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine over the pH range 3-8.5 at 40 °C, ionic strength 1 M (KCl), are reported. Plots of kobs against total thiol concentration are linear, and the slopes of these plots change as a function of pH. The changes in slope with pH are well-described by a rate law for decomposition of MNNG that is first-order in thiolate ion and first-order in neutral MNNG. Rate constants k2′ for the reaction of the thiolates are determined. There is no significant buffer catalysis of the reactions of any of the thiolates in the pH range studied. In the case of the reactions of propanethiolate and trifluoroethanethiolate, two products, methylnitroguanidine (MNG) and the thiol ((RS)-N-nitroformamidine) adducts 1, were found to account quantitatively (98 ± 3%) for the nitroguanidine skeleton of the starting material. In the case of the other five thiolates, the percent yield of MNG was determined. The yields of MNG are independent of thiolate ion concentration or buffer concentration. The yield of MNG changes from 5% for the reaction of propanethiolate, the most basic thiolate, to 90% for the reaction of pentafluoropropanethiolate, the least basic thiolate. On the basis of the yields of MNG, which indicate the extent of reaction at the nitroso nitrogen for the different thiolates, specific second-order rate constants for the thiolate ion reaction at the nitroso nitrogen, kDN, and for the thiolate ion reaction at the guanidino carbon, kDA, are calculated from the total second-order rate constant, k2′. The plot of log kDN against pKaRSH is linear with a slope βnuc = 0.54 ± 0.02. A similar plot for log kDA shows a downward break with decreasing thiol pKa. The plot is consistent with a reaction that involves an anionic intermediate, T-, the formation of which is rate-limiting for basic thiolates and the decomposition of which is rate-limiting for weakly basic thiolates. Limiting values of βnuc consistent with the data were determined to be βnuc = 0.70 ± 0.12 and 2.4 ± 0.2 for rate-limiting formation and breakdown reactions, respectively. The latter value is attributed to a late transition state for leaving group expulsion with a large imbalance in which C-N double bond formation lags behind leaving group expulsion. The results represent a good chemical model for the recently reported chemoprotective denitrosation reaction between glutathione and MNNG that is catalyzed by a glutathione S-transferase.
Nitrosation by Alkyl Nitrites. Part 5. Kinetics and Mechanism of Reactions in Acetonitrile
Crookes, Michael J.,Williams, D. Lyn H.
, p. 1319 - 1322 (2007/10/02)
Simple alcohols and thioglycolic acid react with alkyl nitrites and nitrous acid in acidic acetonitrile solution to give the O- and S-nitrosated products, in reactions which are kinetically zero order in the alcohol or thiol concentration.The results are consistent with rate-liminiting NO+ formation.On addition of the parent alcohol (derived from the alkyl nitrite) reactions are slower and there is a change towards a first order dependence upon the substrate concentration, indicating that under these conditions the reaction of NO+ with the substrate is partly rate limiting.The reactivity order is found to be HNO2 > t-butyl-nitrite > i-propyl nitrite > isopentyl nitrite.Similarly aromatic amines yield nitrosamine or diazonium ion products, but now the kinetics are consistent with rate-limiting attack of NO+ with the unprotonated amine.At higher acidities it is proposed that reaction occurs with the protonated form of the amine.The mechanistic implications of the kinetic results are discussed.
