- Impact of cationic surfactant chain length during SAPO-11 molecular sieve synthesis on structure, acidity, and n-octane isomerization to di-methyl hexanes
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The structure, acidity, and n-octane di-branched isomerization of SAPO-11 synthesized with surfactants of different chain lengths in water-propanol system were investigated. The results showed that with the increasing chain length of surfactants, the crys
- Guo, Lin,Bao, Xiaojun,Fan, Yu,Shi, Gang,Liu, Haiyan,Bai, Danjiang
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- The effect of metal (Nb, Ru, Pd, Pt) supported on SBA-16 on the hydrodeoxygenation reaction of phenol
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Ordered silica materials of SBA-16 type were synthesized, characterized as to their physicochemical properties and used as supports of the active phases which were niobium, ruthenium, palladium or platinum ions. Physicochemical properties of the systems o
- Feliczak-Guzik, Agnieszka,Szczyglewska, Paulina,Nowak, Izabela
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- GAS-TO-LIQUID REACTOR AND METHOD OF USING
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A device and a process to propagate molecular growth of hydrocarbons, either straight or branched chain structures, that naturally occur in the gas phase to a molecular size sufficient to shift the natural occurring phase to a liquid or solid state is provided. According to one embodiment, the device includes a grounded reactor vessel having a gas inlet, a liquid outlet, and an electrode within the vessel; a power supply coupled to the electrode for creating an elecirostatic field within the vessel for converting the gas to a liquid and or solid state.
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Paragraph 0140-0142
(2019/08/15)
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- IONIC LIQUID ALKYLATION OF 1-BUTENE TO PRODUCE 2,5-DIMETHYLHEXANE
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A process for producing dimethylhexanes (DMH) is provided. The DMH can be used to produce p-xylene. The process involves the alkylation of isobutane and 1-butene using an ionic liquid to produce naphtha that is rich in DMH. The DMH is then converted in high selectivity to xylene, including p-xylene, by dehydrocyclization.
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Page/Page column 17
(2015/09/23)
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- IONIC LIQUID ALKYLATION OF 1-BUTENE TO PRODUCE 2,5-DIMETHYLHEXANE
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A process for producing dimethylhexanes (DMH) is provided. The DMH can be used to produce p-xylene. The process involves the alkylation of isobutane and 1-butene using an ionic liquid to produce naphtha that is rich in DMH. The DMH is then converted in high selectivity to xylene, including p-xylene, by dehydrocyclization.
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Paragraph 0070
(2015/08/04)
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- Hydrogenation and ring opening of aromatic and naphthenic hydrocarbons over noble metal (Ir, Pt, Rh)/Al2O3 catalysts
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The hydrogenation and ring opening of model hydrocarbons and of naphtha was studied over commercial noble metal (Ir, Pt, Rh)/Al2O3 catalysts. The experiments were performed in a fixed bed reactor at temperatures between 220 and 350 °C and pressures of 1.1 and 5.0 MPa, respectively. The product distribution was determined and the cetane number was calculated. The Pt catalyst is very active for hydrogenation of aromatics but does not catalyse the ring opening of naphthenes. The Ir and Rh catalysts are active for both hydrogenation of aromatics and ring opening of naphthenes. Experiments with toluene, mxylene, propyl-benzene, and methylcyclohexane indicate that ring opening follows a selective mechanism, where the cleavage of bisecondary carbon bonds is favoured. This results in predominant formation of branched paraffins. The product distribution as well as cracking of long-chain hydrocarbons, which increase at temperatures above 260 °C, lead to an insignificant boost in the cetane number, as confirmed by experiments using real naphtha as feedstock.
- Piegsa, Anne,Korth, Wolfgang,Demir, Fehime,Jess, Andreas
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experimental part
p. 531 - 540
(2012/09/22)
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- Paraffin alkylation
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A liquid acid process is disclosed in which a hydrocarbon component containing an olefin, an olefin precursor or mixture and an isoalkane and a liquid acid catalyst is fed to a downflow reaction zone containing a disperser, under conditions to induce pulse flow at or near the outlet to react the isoalkane and olefin to produce a reaction product and feeding the reaction product to a vaporization zone containing a disperser under conditions to induce pulse flow at or near the outlet of the vaporization zone. A pressure drop across the disperser in the vaporization zone causes partial vaporization of the hydrocarbon which quench es the heat reaction and cooling the unvaporized portion of said reaction product, which is recovered and allowed to separate into an acid phase and hydrocarbon phase containing the alkylate. The acid catalyst and hydrocarbons may be fractally fed to the reaction zone.
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Page/Page column 7
(2008/06/13)
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- Alkylation process with recontacting in settler
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A system and/or process for decreasing the level of at least one organic fluoride present in a hydrocarbon phase contained in an alkylation settler by contacting the hydrocarbon phase with an HF containing stream, containing greater than about 80 wt. % and less than about 94 wt. % HF, in the intermediate portion of the settler which contains at least one tray system, with each tray system comprising a perforated tray defining a plurality of perforations and a layer of packing below the perforated tray, are disclosed.
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Page/Page column 3-5
(2008/06/13)
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- Disproportionation of hydrocarbons
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A novel hydrocarbon disproportionation process is provided and includes contacting a hydrocarbon feed comprising at least one paraffin with a disproportionation catalyst comprising a support component, a metal, and a halogen in a disproportionation reaction zone under disproportionation reaction conditions.
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- Catalyst and process for contacting a hydrocarbon and ethylene
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A process of contacting at least one feed hydrocarbon, containing three to about seven carbon atoms per molecule, and ethylene in a hydrocarbon-containing fluid in the presence of a catalyst composition to provide at least one product hydrocarbon isomer containing about four to about nine carbon atoms per molecule is provided. The at least one feed hydrocarbon can be selected from paraffins, isoparaffins, and the like and combinations thereof. The catalyst composition contains a hydrogen halide component, a sulfone component, and a metal halide component.
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- Alkene oligomerization process
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A process for oligomerising alkenes having from 3 to 6 carbon atoms which comprises contacting a feedstock comprising a) one or several alkenes having x carbon atoms, and, b) optionally, one or several alkenes having y carbon atoms, x and y being different, with a catalyst containing a zeolite of the MFS structure type, under conditions to obtain selectively oligomeric product containing predominant amounts of certain oligomers. The process is carried out at a temperature comprised between 125 and 175° C. when the feedstock contains only alkenes with 3 carbon atoms and between 140 and 240° C., preferably between 140 and 200° C. when the feedstock contains comprises at least one alkene with 4 or more carbon atoms.
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- Gas to liquid conversion process
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A process is disclosed for the conversion of lower molecular weight hydrocarbons, such as methane, into higher molecular weight hydrocarbon products, such as hydrocarbons having between 4 and 29 carbons. The process includes forming hydrated electrons, such as by mixing the lower molecular weight hydrocarbons with water and contacting the mixture with an energy source to form hydrated electrons. The hydrated electrons react with the methane to form hydrogen and higher molecular weight hydrocarbon products. Also disclosed is a related process for converting higher molecular weight hydrocarbons to lower molecular weight hydrocarbons by forming a mixture of higher molecular weight hydrocarbons and water and contacting the mixture with an energy source to form hydrated electrons that react with the higher molecular weight hydrocarbons to form hydrogen and lower molecular weight hydrocarbon products.
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Page column 3-4
(2008/06/13)
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- Mechanism of reaction of n-butane with but-2-enes in the presence of LaCaX faujasites
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The reactions of n-butane and an n-butane (80 mol. percent)-isobutane (20 mol. percent) mixture with but-2-enes in the presence of polycationic PdLaCaX faujasites were studied. Quantum-chemical calculation of the enthalpies of formation of alkanes C4-C8 a
- Bachurikhin, A. L.,Mortikov, E. S.,Gribanov, V. Yu.,Abronin, I. A.
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p. 783 - 788
(2007/10/03)
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- Heteroaromatic ethers of phenols in nickel-catalysed ipso-replacement reactions with magnesium, zinc and tin organometallic compounds
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Phenols are readily converted in high yield into the heterocyclic ethers, 5-aryloxy-1-phenyl-1H-tetrazole, 1 and 3-aryloxy-1λ6,6,2-benzothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 2. X-Ray crystallographic analysis and other evidence shows that, in these ethers, the originally strong phenolic C-QH bond is considerably weakened on derivatization. In nickel-catalysed cross-coupling reactions with brganozinc and organotin compounds, the heterocyclic parts of ethers 1,2 provide good nucleofuges. In similar cross-coupling reactions with organomagnesium halides, ethers 1 again provide good nucleofuges but, in marked contrast, ethers 2 do not. In all reactions, palladium based catalysts were mostly not effective. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2000.
- Brigas, Amadeu F.,Johnstone, Robert A.W.
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p. 1735 - 1739
(2007/10/03)
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- MxOy/SO42--/dealuminated zeolite β (M=Ti, Fe) as novel catalysts for alkylation of isobutane with 1-butene
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A new kind of MxOy/SO42--/H-form dealuminated β (DHβ) catalysts prepared here were applied to alkylation of isobutane with 1-butene. The group of MxCy/SO42-/DHβ (M = Ti, Fe) catalysts has a lower rate of deactivation and higher selectivity of this alkylation than other group of Hβ and DHβ. It is proposed that the strong acid sites corresponding to the active sites for this alkylation can be formed by the interaction among DHβ, MxOy, and SO42-.
- Sun, Mingxing,Sun, Jianwei,Li, Quanzhi
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p. 519 - 520
(2007/10/03)
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- Pt/SAPO-5 and Pt/SAPO-11 as Catalysts for the Hydroisomerization and Hydrocracking of n-Octane
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n-Octane hydroisomerization and hydrocracking on SAPO-5 and SAPO-11 catalysts containing 0.5 wt.percent Pt have been investigated in a flow reactor over a wide range of temperatures (573-708 K) and pressures (atmospheric, 3 and 5 bar).These studies have shown that hydroisomerization is a function of the total conversion.The primary products obtained with n-octane were the monobranched isomers.Multibranched feed isomers and cracked products were formed in subsequent reactions.In all cases, hydrogen pressure had a strong influence on the activity and time-on-stream deactivation.Hydroisomerization can be considered to be the primary reaction, with hydrocracking occurring to a significant extent only at higher conversions (>40percent for Pt/SAPO-5 and >65percent for Pt/SAPO-11).The selectivity patterns found in these molecular-sieve catalysts are interpreted in terms of a series of reaction pathways incorporating both confinement effects and shape selectivity factors.
- Campelo, J. M.,Lafont, F.,Marinas, J. M.
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p. 1551 - 1556
(2007/10/02)
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- Isobutane/2-Butene Alkylation on Ultrastable Y Zeolites: Influence of Zeolite Unite Cell Size
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The alkylation reaction of isobutane with trans-2-butene has been carried out on a series of steam-dealuminated Y zeolites with unit cell sizes ranging from 2.450 to 2.426 nm.A fixed-bed reactor connected to an automatized multiloop sampling system allowed us to make differential product analysis from very short (1 min or less) to longer times on stream.A maximum in the initial 2-butene conversion was found on samples with unit cell sizes between 2.435 and 2.450 nm.However, the TMP/DMH ratio, i.e., the alkylation-to-oligomerization ratio, continuously increased withzeolite unit cell size.The concentration of reactants in the pores, the strength distribution of Broensted acid sites, and the extent of hydrogen transfer reactions, which in turn depend on the framework Si/Al ratio of a given zeolite, were seen to affect activity and product distribution of the catalysts.Finally, the influence of these factors on the aging characteristics of the samples was also discussed.
- Corma, A.,Martinez, A.,Martinez, C.
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p. 185 - 192
(2007/10/02)
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- The sec-butyl cation; reaction with 2-butene
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The products from the reaction of 2-butene with BF3.CH3OH are olefins in the range C8 to above C20; about 60percent of the product is the normal dimer-trimer-tetramer material but the remaining 40percent is rearranged product.We have identified most of the skeletal structures up to C13 and suggest that the rearrangements are most easily interpreted by postulating that alkyl transfers can occur in the same way as proton transfers.
- Lachance, Pierre,Eastham, Arthur M.
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p. 2621 - 2628
(2007/10/02)
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