- Radical-mediated dehydrative preparation of cyclic imides using (NH4)2S2O8-DMSO: Application to the synthesis of vernakalant
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Ammonium persulfate-dimethyl sulfoxide (APS-DMSO) has been developed as an efficient and new dehydrating reagent for a convenient one-pot process for the synthesis of miscellaneous cyclic imides in high yields starting from readily available primary amines and cyclic anhydrides. A plausible radical mechanism involving DMSO has been proposed. The application of this facile one-pot imide forming process has been demonstrated for a practical synthesis of vernakalant.
- Garad, Dnyaneshwar N.,Tanpure, Subhash D.,Mhaske, Santosh B.
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supporting information
p. 1008 - 1016
(2015/08/18)
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- Palladium-catalyzed C - O hydrogenolysis in γ-hydroxy γ-lactams as an efficient approach to 5-alkyl(aryl)pyrrolidin-2-ones
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5-R-Pyrrolidin-2-ones were synthesized by Pd/Sibunit-catalyzed C - O hydrogenolysis of 5-R-5-hydroxypyrrolidin-2-ones with molecular hydrogen.
- Turova,Berezhnaya,Starodubtseva,Ferapontov,Vinogradov
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p. 859 - 863
(2015/12/24)
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- High affinity ligands and potent antagonists for the α1D- adrenergic receptor. Novel 3,8-disubstituted [1]benzothieno[3,2-d]pyrimidine derivatives
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A new series of high affinity ligands and antagonists for the α1D-adrenergic receptor (AR) has been discovered. New molecules present a [1]benzothieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2,4(1H,3H)-dione or a [1]benzothieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one scaffold and bear a 2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethyl moiety in the 3-position and various amide substituents in the 8-position. In binding assays at the three human cloned α1A-, α1B-, and α1D-AR subtypes, they showed high affinity values, particularly for the α1D-AR subtype. Compound 22 (RX18), N1-methyl-N 5-[3-[2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethyl]-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3, 4-tetrahydro[1]benzothieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-8-yl]-N1-(phenylmethyl) pentanediamide, was the most interesting in the series displaying very high affinity (pKi = 10.25) and potent antagonism (pKb = 9.15) when tested in a functional assay at the α1D-AR.
- Romeo, Giuseppe,Salerno, Loredana,Pittalà, Valeria,Modica, Maria N.,Siracusa, Maria A.,Materia, Luisa,Buccioni, Michela,Marucci, Gabriella,Minneman, Kenneth P.
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p. 419 - 432
(2014/07/21)
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- A convenient one-pot synthesis of polysubstituted pyrroles from N-protected succinimides
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The dienamine products formed by the reaction between polysubstituted succinimides and the Petasis reagent were subjected to isomerization under mild acidic conditions to give polysubstituted pyrroles in excellent yields (85-95%). The scope and limitations of this methodology are explored.
- Kobeissi, Marwan,Yazbeck, Ogaritte,Chreim, Yamama
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supporting information
p. 2523 - 2526
(2014/05/06)
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- Regioselective synthesis of 1-alkyl-5-(indol-3-yl- and -2-yl)pyrrolidin-2- ones from available reagents
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The reaction under mild conditions of 1-alkyl-5-hydroxypyrrolidin-2-ones with different indoles having a free 3 position leads exclusively to 1-alkyl-5-(indol-3-yl)pyrrolidin-2-ones but if position 3 is occupied to 1-alkyl-5-(indol-2-yl)pyrrolidin-2-ones.
- Sadovoy,Kovrov,Golubeva,Sviridova
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experimental part
p. 1215 - 1223
(2011/10/09)
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- Antifungal, cytotoxic and SAR studies of a series of N-alkyl, N-aryl and N-alkylphenyl-1,4-pyrrolediones and related compounds
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The synthesis, in vitro evaluation and SAR studies of 67 maleimides and derivatives acting as antifungal agents are reported. A detailed SAR study supported by theoretical calculations led us to determine that: an intact maleimido ring appears to be necessary for a strong antifungal activity, dissimilarly affected by the substituents in positions 2 and 3. The best activities were shown by 2,3-nonsubstituted followed by 2,3 dichloro- and 2-methyl-substituted maleimides. They all were fungicide rather than fungistatic enhancing the importance of their antifungal activity. 2,3-Dimethyl and 2,3-diphenyl-maleimides possessed marginal or null activity. The presence of a flexible connecting chain in N-phenylalkyl maleimides appears not to be essential for antifungal activity, although its length shows a correlation with the antifungal behavior, displaying maleimides with alkyl chains of n = 3 and n = 4 the best antifungal activities in most fungi. Different substituents on the benzene ring did not have a clear influence on the activity. Values of chemical potential properties as well as of energy do not sufficiently discriminate between active and inactive compounds. Nevertheless, it was found that, although log P alone is not strong enough to properly predict the antifungal activity, the comparison of its values for compounds within the same sub-type, showed an enhancement of antifungal activity along with an increment of lipophilicity. In addition, the LUMO's electronic clouds of the highly active compounds showed to be concentrated on the imido ring, indicating that their carbon atoms are potential sites for nucleophilic attack. Same results were obtained from MEPs. Most of the active compounds did not show cytotoxic activity against human cancer cell lines and no one possessed hemolytic activity, indicating that their activity is selective to pathogenic fungi and that they are not toxic at MIC concentrations.
- Sortino,Garibotto,Cechinel Filho,Gupta,Enriz,Zacchino
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experimental part
p. 2823 - 2834
(2011/06/21)
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- Ligand-based modelling followed by synthetic exploration unveil novel glycogen phosphorylase inhibitory leads
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Glycogen phosphorylase (GP) is a valid anti-diabetic target. Accordingly, we applied a drug discovery workflow to unveil novel inhibitory GP leads via combining pharmacophore modeling, QSAR analysis and in silico screening, followed by synthetic exploration of active hits. Virtual screening identified six low micromolar inhibitory leads from the National Cancer Institute (NCI) list of compounds. The most potent hits exhibited anti-GP IC50 values of 3.2 and 4.1 μM. Synthetic exploration of hit 59 (IC50 = 4.1 μM) yielded 25 lead inhibitors with the best illustrating IC50 of 3.0 μM. Interestingly, we prepared several novel mixed oxalyl amide anti-GP leads employing new chemical reaction involving succinic acid-based adducts.
- Habash, Maha,Taha, Mutasem O.
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experimental part
p. 4746 - 4771
(2011/09/20)
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- The synthesis and characterization of solvatochromic maleimide-fused N-allyl- and N-alkyl-substituted 1,4-dithiines and diels-alder reactions with anthracene
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(Chemical Equation Presented) A simple and facile access to new solvatochromic maleimide-fused N-allyl- and N-alkyl-substituted 1,4-dithiines from the corresponding N-substituted succinamic acid derivatives in one-pot with oxidation by thionyl chloride is described. The Diels-Alder reaction of these 1,4-dithiines with anthracene has been investigated. The 1,4-dithiine derivatives react smoothly with anthracene via charge-transfer complexes to form the Diels-Alder adducts in excellent yields.
- Guelten, Sirin
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experimental part
p. 188 - 193
(2010/04/24)
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- Atypical oxidation reaction by thionyl chloride: Easy two-step synthesis of N-alkyl-1,4-dithiines
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Easy two-step synthesis of a series of dithiines was performed from succinic anhydride via cyclization of the corresponding 4-(alkylamino)-4- oxobutanoic acids (succinamic acids). The reaction, carried out in polar aprotic solvents, gave 4,8-dithiine-indacene-1,3,5,7-tetraones (diimides 3) via 3,7-bis-4,8-dithia-indacene-1,5-diones (diisoimides 2), which could be isolated. Surprisingly, in this reaction, thionyl chloride appeared as an oxidant, and this process seemed to be useful for the syntheses of S-containing heterocyclic compounds such as 1,4-dithiins. A mechanistic pathway was considered. Copyright Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
- Valla, Alain,Cartier, Dominique,Zentz, Frederic,Labia, Roger
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p. 3591 - 3597
(2007/10/03)
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- Syntheses, in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities of a series of N-alkyl, 1,4-dithiines
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A series of dithiines were synthesized by cyclization of 4-(alkylamino)-4-oxobutanoic acids under the action of SOCl2. Their in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities have been evaluated against reference strains and versus reference compounds. The so-called 'isoimides' 2a, 2b were totally inactive whereas some imides had low MICs for few bacteria and for few fungal microorganisms.
- Zentz,Labia,Sirot,Faure,Grillot,Valla
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p. 944 - 947
(2008/09/18)
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- Rational Design of an Indolebutanoic Acid Derivative as a Novel Aldose Reductase Inhibitor Based on Docking and 3D QSAR Studies of Phenethylamine Derivatives
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A series of 45 phenethylamine derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory activity against pig kidney aldose reductase (ALR2, EC 1.1.1.21). Their IC50 values ranged from 400 μM to 24 μM. The binding modes of compounds at the active site of ALR2 were examined using flexible docking. The results indicated that phenethylamine derivatives nicely fit into the active pocket of ALR2 by forming various hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. 3D-QSAR analysis was also conducted using FlexX-docked alignment of the compounds. The best prediction was obtained by CoMSIA combined with hydrophobic and hydrogen bond donor/acceptor field (q 2 = 0.557, r2 = 0.934). A new derivative, 4-oxo-4-(4-hydroxyindole)butanoic acid, was designed, taking into account the CoMSIA field and the binding mode derived by FlexX docking. This rationally designed compound exhibits an ALR2 inhibition with an IC50 value of 7.4 μM, which compares favorably to that of a well-known ALR2 inhibitor, tolrestat (IC50 = 16 μM) and represents a potency approximately 240-fold higher than that of an original phenethylamine lead compound, YUA001.
- Sun, Won Suck,Park, Yoon Sun,Yoo, Jakyung,Park, Ki Duk,Kim, Sung Han,Kim, Jung-Han,Park, Hyun-Ju
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p. 5619 - 5627
(2007/10/03)
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- Synthesis of a peptidomimetic HCMV protease inhibitor library
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The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) protease catalyzes the maturational process of the herpes virus assembly protein and plays a key role during the manufacture of viral capsid, and so is an attractive target for potential anti-herpes-virus agents with novel structures and new mechanisms. In this work, a peptidomimetic skeleton was designed and a chemical library containing 32 compounds with different substitutions on the skeleton was prepared by the oxidation of a precursor library, which was constructed from four types of building blocks: 4 carboxylic acids, 2 amines, 2 aldehydes and 2 isocyanides, based on multicomponent condensation following liquid phase strategies. The syntheses of the key building block isocyanides are presented.
- Xu, Ping,Lin, Wenwei,Zou, Xiaomin
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p. 1017 - 1026
(2007/10/03)
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- Synthesis and antimicrobial activities of N-substituted imides
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In the field of our research programs concerning novel antimicrobial agents, a series of N-substituted imides was synthesized. These compounds were obtained by cyclization of amido-acids in acetic anhydride/sodium acetate or hexamethyldisilazane/zinc bromide for the hydroxy-aromatic derivatives. The hydroxy-alkyl maleimides were directly prepared by condensation of the corresponding amino-alcohol with maleic anhydride in boiling toluene. Most of N-substituted maleimides showed an interesting antimicrobial activity towards bacteria from the ATCC collection (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853) but the MIC values for P. aeruginosa were always high (128 μg/ml). The imides with alkyl substituents showed higher activities than aromatic analogues with MIC values in the range of 8-32 μg/ml. Comparatively, succinimides were practically inactive.
- Zentz, Frederic,Valla, Alain,Le Guillou, Regis,Labia, Roger,Mathot, Anne-Gabrielle,Sirot, Danielle
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p. 421 - 426
(2007/10/03)
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- Total synthesis of NPTX-643, a neurotoxin of the madagascar spider (Nephilengys borbonica) having a novel acylpolyamine structure
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The first total synthesis of NPTX-643, a neurotoxin of the Madagascar spider (Nephilengys borbonica) having a unique cadaverine - nor-putreanine - putreanine acylpolyamine chain, has been achieved by using three key azide intermediates.
- Miyashita, Masaaki,Kanemura, Takanori,Matsushita, Masayuki,Hatakeyama, Susumi,Itagaki, Yasuhiro,Nakajima, Terumi,Miyazawa, Masahiro,Irie, Hiroshi
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p. 171 - 175
(2007/10/03)
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- The mechanism of cleavage under basic conditions of succinyl-anchored oligonucleotides
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Studies with a model compound provide direct evidence that cleavage of succinyl-anchored oligonucleotides takes place by intramolecular nucleophilic attack of the conjugate base of the succinamide at the ester carbonyl group. An N-substituted succinamide is exclusively formed with piperidine, DBU and TBAF, but when ammonia is used this general mechanism seems to coexist with ammonolysis of the succinate ester. Cleavage with TBAF is extremely fast.
- Palom, Yolanda,Grandas, Anna,Pedroso, Enrique
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p. 1177 - 1182
(2007/10/03)
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- Specificity of DNA alkylation by 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-alkyl-3- acyltriazenes depends on the structure of the acyl group: Kinetic and product studies
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The reactions of calf thymus DNA with ten 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-alkyl-3- acyltriazenes of varying acyl side chain structure were studied alone, or in the presence of porcine liver esterase in pH 7.0 phosphate buffer. In several of the key triazenes, the acyl substituent contained a free carboxylic acid group. With esterase present in the reaction mixture, the resultant levels of DNA alkylation could be correlated with the kinetic rates of decomposition of the triazenes. Under these conditions, the predominant pathway of decomposition involved deacylation of the parent triazene and eventual production of an alkanediazonium ion. This intermediate subsequently alkylated DNA-guanine to give 7-alkylguanine as the principal reaction product. In the absence of esterase, the order of DNA alkylation for all of the acyltriazenes did not correlate with their respective rates of decomposition, leading to the conclusion that the triazenes did not decompose by the expected mode of uncatalyzed N(2)-N(3) heterolyic cleavage. The major DNA alkylation product from the N(3)-methyltriazenes was 7-methylguanine, instead of the expected 7-(chloroethyl)- and 7-(hydroxyethyl)guanine products, which suggested that the acyl group was being hydrolyzed. However, acyltriazenes with an N(3)-benzyl group rather than a methyl in this position produced very little 7-benzylguanine product, contrary to prediction. An alternative mechanism involving internally assisted hydrolysis of the side chain ester is proposed to explain these results. NMR product analysis and computational studies were carried out to lend support to the postulated mechanism.
- Smith,Schmidt,Czerwinski,Taneyhill,Snyder,Kline,Michejda,Smith Jr.
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p. 466 - 475
(2007/10/03)
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- Trapping of Metabolically Generated Electrophilic Species with Cyanide Ion: Metabolism of 1-Benzylpyrrolidine
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Incubations of 1-benzylpyrrolidine (4) and specifically deuterium-labeled analogues of 4 with rabbit liver microsomal preparations in the presence of cyanide ion have led to the characterization of 1-benzyl-2-cyanopyrrolidine (13), cis- and trans-1-benzyl
- Ho, Bert,Castagnoli, Neal
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p. 133 - 139
(2007/10/02)
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