- Combined effects of ion-pairing on multi-emissive properties of benzimidazolium salts
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The possibility to control luminescence properties of purely organic emitting salts is receiving an ever-growing interest. A full understanding of the manifold effects of counterions on the photophysical properties of charged luminophors deserves thorough
- Di Carlo, Gabriele,Forni, Alessandra,Moretti, Paola,Marinotto, Daniele,Botta, Chiara,Pizzotti, Maddalena,Tessore, Francesca,Cariati, Elena
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- Microwave assisted synthesis and potent antimicrobial activity of some novel 1,3-dialkyl-2-arylbenzimidazolium salts
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Background: Benzimidazolium salts include biologically active benzimidazole ring. Some benzimidazolium salts and their metal complexes, containing different groups, showed remarkable antibacterial, antifungal and antitumor effects. Most of these studies are generally related with the 2-unsubstituted derivatives of benzimidazolium salts which named as N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs). To enhance the efficacy of the benzimidazoles in the biological systems, it is very important to overcome the insolubility problem. For this reason and previously indicated structural importance of the benzimidazolium salts, 1,3-dialkyl halide salts of the 2-arylbenzimidazoles, are of focus in this work. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that describes the microwave assisted synthesis and antimicrobial activity of 2-arylsubstituted benzimidazolium salts. Methods: A series of novel 1,3-dialkyl-2-arylbenzimidazolium salts (8-28) were synthesized via the N-alkylation of 1-methyl-2-arylbenzimidazole derivatives (1-7) with alkyl halides under microwave conditions by using small amount of DMF. The results were also compared with conventional heating under reflux. Structures of the products were confirmed by using 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, FTIR spectroscopic techniques. All of the synthesized compounds were screened for their in vitro antimicrobial activities using microbroth tube dilution and disc diffusion methods. Results: Considering the reactions repeated by classical heating, it was determined that the reaction times were decreased from 3-6 hours to 5-35 minutes under microwave. Additionally, yields have increased from 4-71 % to 64-96 % ranges. Considering the whole antimicrobial activity studies, MIC values of newly synthesized benzimidazolium salts 8-28 (1.95->1500 μg/ml) are remarkably smaller than parent benzimidazoles 1-7 (62.5->1500 μg/ml) on the studied microorganisms. Conclusion: The microwave method is advantageous regarding the usage of mild conditions and small amounts of solvent, easy purification and achieving high yields in short times. The antimicrobial activity studies demonstrate that newly synthesized salts (8-28) are effective mostly on grampositives and eukaryotic microorganisms. Compounds 16, 18, 19, 24, 25 and 27 were found to be the most effective inhibitors of growth in both gram-positive bacteria and eukaryotes. Thus, the synthesized compounds in this study may aid the treatment of fungal and bacterial diseases. The results of this study are of great significance in the areas of synthetic organic chemistry, microbiology, pharmaceutical chemistry and chemical catalysis.
- Eren, Bilge,Yilmaz, ?zge,?etin, Gül?in,Darcan, Cihan
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p. 621 - 633
(2018/06/06)
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- NMR studies of 2-aryl derivatives of benzimidazole, benzimidazolium ion, and benzimidazoline
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A series of 2-arylbenzimidazoles, 2-aryl-1,3-dimethylbenzimidazolium iodides, and 2-aryl-1,3-dimethylbenzimidazolines were prepared and their NMR spectra were examined. The substituent parameters were calculated for 2-benzimidazolyl, 2-benzimidazoliumyl, and 2-benzimidazolinyl groups on the chemical shifts of the protons and the carbons of benzene ring. The 2-benzimidazoliumyl group was found to cause a significant up-field shift of the ipso-carbon signal and down-field shift for the ortho- and para-carbon signals. On the other hand, the 2-benzimidazolyl and the 2-benzimidazolinyl groups cause down-field shift of the ipso-carbon signals but cause almost negligible change on the other carbon signals.
- Lee, Chang Kiu,Lee, In-Sook Han
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experimental part
p. 425 - 433
(2009/06/18)
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- Marcus theory of a parallel effect on α for hydride transfer reaction between NAD+ analogues
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Rate and equilibrium constants for hydride transfer from a series of 1,3-dimethyl-2-substituted phenylbenzimidazolines to a pyridinium ion, a quinolinium ion, and a phenanthridinium ion have been evaluated. Each oxidizing agent gives a linear Bronsted plot with slope, α. The α values vary systematically with the spontaniety of the reactions. They are in reasonable agreement with the predictions of modified Marcus theory. Their trend is very accurately predicted, showing a parallel (Leffler-Hammond) effect. These results make a multistep mechanism, involving high energy intermediates, very unlikely.
- Lee, In-Sook Han,Jeoung, Eun Hee,Kreevoy, Maurice M.
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p. 2722 - 2728
(2007/10/03)
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