- Transition-Metal-Free and Base-Promoted Carbon-Heteroatom Bond Formation via C-N Cleavage of Benzyl Ammonium Salts
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A facile and general method for constructing carbon-heteroatom (C-P, C-O, C-S, and C-N) bonds via C-N cleavage of benzyl ammonium salts under transition-metal-free conditions was reported. The combination of t-BuOK and 18-crown-6 enabled a wide range of substituted benzyl ammonium salts to couple readily with different kinds of heteroatom nucleophiles, i.e. hydrogen phosphoryl compounds, alcohols, thiols, and amines. Good functional group tolerance was demonstrated. The scale-up reaction and one-pot synthesis were also successfully performed.
- Liu, Long,Tang, Yuanyuan,Wang, Kunyu,Huang, Tianzeng,Chen, Tieqiao
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p. 4159 - 4170
(2021/03/09)
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- The palladium-catalyzed direct C3-cyanation of indoles using acetonitrile as the cyanide source
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The ligand-free palladium-catalyzed C3-cyanation of indoles via direct C-H functionalization was achieved. This protocol, utilizing CH3CN as a green and readily available cyanide source, produced the desired products in moderate to good yields through transition-metal-catalyzed C-CN bond cleavage. This journal is
- Feng, Kejun,Li, Qiang,Li, Yuanhua,Liu, Bifu,Liu, Min,Zhou, Yongbo
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supporting information
p. 6108 - 6114
(2020/10/21)
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- Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 1-alkyl-5/6-(5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-1H-indole-3-carbonitriles as novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors
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Xanthine oxidase (XO) has emerged as an important target for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. In this study, to obtain novel nonpurine XO inhibitors, a series of 1-alkyl-5/6-(5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-1H-indole-3-carbonitriles (1a-1u, 2c, 2e, 2h and 2n) were designed using a bioisosteric replacement strategy and were synthesized through a five-step procedure with good yields. Thereafter, the in vitro XO inhibitory potencies of these compounds were evaluated by spectrophotometry, showing inhibitory profiles in the micromolar/submicromolar range. Particularly, compound 1h emerged as the strongest XO inhibitor, with an IC50 value of 0.36 μM, which was approximately 21-fold more potent than the positive control allopurinol. Additionally, the structure-activity relationships revealed that the 5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-oxadiazole moiety linked at the 5-position of the indole scaffold was more preferable than the 6-position for the XO inhibitory potency. Enzyme kinetic studies indicated that compound 1h acted as a mixed-type XO inhibitor. Moreover, molecular modeling studies were performed on compound 1h to gain insights into its binding modes with XO. The results showed that the 5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-oxadiazole moiety could interact with Arg880 and Thr1010 in the innermost part of the active pocket through hydrogen bonds, while the cyano group could form hydrogen bonds with Asn768 and Lys771 in the subpocket. Furthermore, the in vivo hypouricemic effect of compound 1h was further investigated in a hyperuricemia rat model induced by potassium oxonate. The results suggested that compound 1h could effectively reduce serum uric acid levels at an oral dose of 10 mg/kg. Therefore, compound 1h could be a promising lead compound for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout.
- Dai, Xiwen,Gao, Jun,Liu, Xuegui,Mao, Qing,Wang, Shaojie,Zhang, Bing,Zhang, Zhuo,Zou, Qian
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- Ni-Catalyzed Reductive Cyanation of Aryl Halides and Phenol Derivatives via Transnitrilation
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Herein, we report a Ni-catalyzed reductive coupling for the synthesis of benzonitriles from aryl (pseudo)halides and an electrophilic cyanating reagent, 2-methyl-2-phenyl malononitrile (MPMN). MPMN is a bench-stable, carbon-bound electrophilic CN reagent that does not release cyanide under the reaction conditions. A variety of medicinally relevant benzonitriles can be made in good yields. Addition of NaBr to the reaction mixture allows for the use of more challenging aryl electrophiles such as aryl chlorides, tosylates, and triflates. Mechanistic investigations suggest that NaBr plays a role in facilitating oxidative addition with these substrates.
- Mills, L. Reginald,Graham, Joshua M.,Patel, Purvish,Rousseaux, Sophie A. L.
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p. 19257 - 19262
(2019/12/02)
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- General and efficient synthesis of 2,3-unsubstituted indoles catalyzed by acidic mesoporous molecular sieves
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A general and efficient method for the synthesis of 2,3-unsubstituted indoles has been established by the intramolecular cyclization of N-benzyl 2-anilinoacetals. Acidic mesoporous molecular sieve (MCM-41-SO3H) has shown excellent catalytic activity on this transformation, and the 2,3-unsubstituted indoles bearing 7-substituent or strong electron-withdrawing substituents also could be achieved by this protocol. Moreover, the heterogeneous catalyst, MCM-41-SO3H, could be conveniently recovered and reused without obvious loss of the catalytic activity. This work will provide an economic and environmental-benign method for the construction of various indole derivatives.
- Sun, Nan,Hong, Lingfen,Huang, Fang,Ren, Hong,Mo, Weimin,Hu, Baoxiang,Shen, Zhenlu,Hu, Xinquan
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p. 3927 - 3933
(2013/06/27)
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- Palladium-catalyzed direct and regioselective C-H bond functionalization/ oxidative acetoxylation of indoles
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The first general examples of palladium-catalyzed direct and selective oxidative C3-acetoxylation of indoles are presented. The mild reaction conditions (70 °C and with weak base, KOAc) in this indole C-H-acetoxylation are notable.
- Choy, Pui Ying,Lau, Chak Po,Kwong, Fuk Yee
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 80 - 84
(2011/03/22)
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- PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS COMPRISING INSULIN, ZINC IONS AND A ZINC-BINDING LIGAND
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Novel preparations comprising branched ligands for the HisB10 Zn2+ sites of the R-state insulin hexamer. The preparations have a prolonged action designed for flexible injection regimes.
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Page/Page column 324-325
(2008/06/13)
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- PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS COMPRISING ACID-STABILISED INSULIN
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Novel ligands for the HisB10 Zn2+ sites of the R-state insulin hexamer that are capable of prolonging the action of insulin preparations are disclosed.
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Page/Page column 322-323
(2010/02/08)
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- Novel ligands for the hisb10 zn2+ sites of the r-state insulin hexamer
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Novel ligands for the HisB10 Zn2+ sites of the R-state insulin hexamer that are capable of prolonging the action of insulin preparations are disclosed.
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- Aromatic Amidines: Comparison of Their Ability to Block Respiratory Syncytial Virus Induced Cell Fusion and to Inhibit Plasmin, Urokinase, Thrombin, and Trypsin
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Two series of amidine derivatives consisting of a total of 24 compounds were examined for a correlation between their blocking effect on respiratory syncytial virus induced cell fusion and their inhibitory activity against selected trypsin-like protease.A
- Tidwell, R. R.,Geratz, J. D.,Dubovi, E. J.
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p. 294 - 298
(2007/10/02)
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