(1854–1915). A native of Silesia, Ehrlich is considered the founder of the science of chemotherapy, or the treatment of diseases by chemical agents. He did fundamental work on immunity, which earned him the Nobel Prize in medicine in 1908, and also developed the famous neoarsphenamine (salvarsan or 606) treatment for syphilis (1910), which was not improved upon until the discovery of penicillin.