(1891–1987). An American chemist who won a Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1946 along with Sumner and Stanley. His work was primarily concerned with isolation and crystallization of enzymes. Many firsts included the production of the enzyme trypsin in the laboratory and isolation of the first bacterial virus. He was also responsible for producing diptheria antitoxin in crystalline form. His education was at eastern schools including Harvard, Yale, and Princeton.