(1852–1911). A Dutch chemist who received the first Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1901. A father of physical chemistry, he did research on decomposition and formation of double salts. He related optically active carbon compounds to three-dimensional and asymmetrical molecular structure. This led to the development of stereochemistry. He was educated at the Universities of Paris and Utrecht, where he received a doctorate in 1874. He was a professor at Amsterdam, Leipzig, and Berlin.