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Green Chemistry
Page 8 of 10
ARTICLE
Journal Name
optimization of the supporting material and activation
procedure, an obvious trend between activity and Pd particle
size could be identified. Pd nanoparticles with an average size
of 1.8 – 2.2 nm supported on an oxidized carbon material were
found to be most active (TOF ≈ 950 molPyr·molPd_surface-1·h-1) in
the reductive amidation of itaconic acid. The synthesized
group of catalysts is also highly active in the reductive
amination of levulinic acid where productivities of more than
4000 molPyr·molPd-1·h-1 and 5-methyl-2-pyrrolidone yields of
>95% were achieved. The methyl-2-pyrrolidones were
successfully vinylated with acetylene under industrial
conditions with yields up to 80%. The overall yield of the two-
step process from itaconic acid to vinylpyrrolidone monomers
is 72%. Only the recycling of the catalyst remains challenging
as the oxidized carbon material seems to break down during
the reaction, as surface area and pore volume decrease
drastically. Therefore, more stable supports will be
investigated in future works.
DOI: 10.1039/D0GC01043J
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Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts to declare.
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Acknowledgements
We thank the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)
for funding of the projects BioPyrr and BioPVP (FKZ IBÖ-03 031B0249 and
031B0487 A) in the framework of “New Products for the Bioeconomy”
(Neue Produkte für die Bioökonomie). Furthermore, Mr Haus likes to thank
the German Chemical Industry Fund (Fonds der chemischen Industrie, FCI)
for the generous support of his PhD project. We thank Heraeus for providing
catalysts and Saint-Gobain NorPro for providing supporting materials
mentioned above. We gratefully thank Stephanie Föller, Joel Mensah, Dr.
Joschka Holzhäuser, Jeff Deischter, Jérôme Meyers and Tobias Janke for
their valuable time for discussion.
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