Paper
RSC Advances
´
7 A. C. Barron, J. Melo-Banda, J. E. Dominguez,
´
E. M. Hernandez, R. R. Silva, A. T. Reyes and M. M. Meraz,
Catal. Today, 2011, 166, 102–110.
8 J. Liu, C. Liu, G. Zhou, S. Shen and L. Rong, Green Chem.,
2012, 14, 2499–2505.
9 G. Zhou, Y. Hou, L. Liu, H. Liu, C. Liu, J. Liu, H. Qiao, W. Liu,
Y. Fan and S. Shen, Nanoscale, 2012, 4, 7698–7703.
ˇ
ˇ
ˇ´
10 P. Priecel, L. Capek, D. Kubicka, F. Homola, P. Rysanek and
M. Pouzar, Catal. Today, 2011, 176, 409–412.
11 J. Hu, J. Russell, B. Ben-Nissan and R. Vago, J. Mater. Sci.
Lett., 2001, 20, 85–87.
12 D. Martin and D. Duprez, J. Phys. Chem., 1996, 100, 9429–
9438.
13 D. Jin, B. Zhu, Z. Hou, J. Fei, H. Lou and X. Zheng, Fuel, 2007,
86, 2707–2713.
Fig. 10 Conversion of Jatropha oil over different catalysts at 360 ꢀC,
3 MPa, H2/oil (v/v) ¼ 600, LHSV ¼ 2 hꢁ1 as a function of reaction time.
14 T. Hayakawa, S. Suzuki, J. Nakamura, T. Uchijima,
S. Hamakawa, K. Suzuki, T. Shishido and K. Takehira,
Appl. Catal., A, 1999, 183, 273–285.
15 S. Pokhrel, C. E. Simion, V. S. Teodorescu, N. Barsan and
U. Weimar, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2009, 19, 1767–1774.
16 R. Bouarab, O. Cheri and A. Auroux, Thermochim. Acta,
2005, 434, 69–73.
17 E. Ruckenstein and H. Wang, J. Catal., 2002, 205, 289–293.
18 T. Lehmann, T. Wolff, V. Zahn, P. Veit, C. Hamel and
A. Seidel-Morgenstern, Catal. Commun., 2011, 12, 368–374.
19 A. Vimont, A. Travert, C. Binet, C. Pichon, P. Mialane,
LHSV ¼ 2 hꢁ1 were shown in Fig. 10. It was obvious that aer La
loading, all catalysts' conversion increased and remained
constant, suggesting the catalytic stability can be improved by
the La loading, this is consistent with Gao et al.40 Combing with
the TGA proles, the coke of all catalyst samples decreased by
La loading, avoiding the coke covering the active sites to deac-
tivate the catalyst and guaranteeing the catalyst had a long
lifetime for hydrocracking of Jatropha oil. Especially for the
NiW/HY, its original strong acidity shall lead to more coke (over
5%), this is the reason of its conversion kept dropping off aer
use for 40 h. Aer La loading, its coke amount evidently
decreased, then the conversion became stable.
´
F. Secheresse and J.-C. Lavalley, J. Catal., 2006, 241, 221–224.
20 M. J. Ledoux and B. Djellouli, Appl. Catal., 1990, 67, 81–91.
21 Y. Yoshimura, H. Shimada, T. Sato, M. Kubota and
A. Nishijima, Appl. Catal., 1987, 29, 125–140.
22 A. Yasukawa, K. Gotoh, H. Tanaka and K. Kandori, Colloids
Surf., A, 2012, 393, 53–59.
23 M. Jiang, S. J. Ye and S. C. Shan, Chin. J. Chem. Phys., 1997,
10, 377–382.
24 J. B. Zheng, Z. Q. Xia, J. J. Li, W. K. Lai, X. D. Yi, B. H. Chen,
W. P. Fang and H. L. Wan, Catal. Commun., 2012, 21, 18–21.
25 Y. Hou, Y. Wang, F. He, S. Han, Z. Mi, W. Wu and E. Min,
Mater. Lett., 2004, 58, 1267–1271.
Conclusion
The La was respectively loaded into NiW/nHA, NiW/Al2O3 and
NiW/HY catalyst to value its effect of reducing coke (poly-
aromatic hydrocarbon) in hydrocracking of Jatropha oil. In all
cases, the amount of coke was signicantly decreased by La
loading. The La loading could enhance the hydrogenation
capacity to reduce the obtained cracking paraffin, decrease the
acidity and increase the alkalinity of catalyst to suppress the
aromatization process. For long term reaction, the La loading
kept conversion of Jatropha oil stable and extend the lifetime of
catalyst.
26 J. Gao, Z. Hou, J. Guo, Y. Zhu and X. Zheng, Catal. Today,
2008, 131, 278–284.
27 J. Zhu, X. Peng, L. Yao, J. Shen, D. Tong and C. Hu, Int. J.
Hydrogen Energy, 2011, 36, 7094–7104.
28 R. Chakraborty and S. K. Das, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2012, 51,
8404–8414.
References
1 G. W. Huber, P. O'Connor and A. Corma, Appl. Catal., A, 29 B. Xu, F. Rotunno, S. Bordiga, R. Prins and J. A. van
2007, 329, 120–129. Bokhoven, J. Catal., 2006, 241, 66–73.
2 D. Kubicka and L. Kaluˇza, Appl. Catal., A, 2010, 372, 199–208. 30 C. L. Li, O. Novaro, E. Munoz, J. L. Boldu, X. Bokimi,
ˇ
´
´
´
´
3 M. Krar, S. Kovacs, D. Kallo and J. Hancsok, Bioresour.
J. A. Wang, T. Lopez and R. Gomez, Appl. Catal., A, 2000,
199, 211–220.
Technol., 2010, 101, 9287–9293.
4 R. Tiwari, B. S. Rana, R. Kumar, D. Verma, R. Kumar, 31 M. A. Callejas, M. T. Martinez, T. Blasco and E. Sastre, Appl.
R. K. Joshi, M. O. Garg and A. K. Sinha, Catal. Commun.,
2011, 12, 559–562.
5 R. Kumar, B. S. Rana, R. Tiwari, D. Verma, R. Kumar,
Catal., A, 2001, 218, 181–188.
32 H. S. Cerqueira, G. Caeiro, L. Costa and F. R. Ribeiro, J. Mol.
Catal. A: Chem., 2008, 292, 1–13.
´
R. K. Joshi, M. O. Garg and A. K. Sinha, Green Chem., 2010, 33 Y. Liu, R. Sotelo-Boyas, K. Murata, T. Minowa and
12, 2232–2239. K. Sakanishi, Energy Fuels, 2011, 25, 4675–4685.
6 M. Toba, Y. Abe, H. Kuramochi, M. Osako, T. Mochizuki and 34 T. Degnan and C. Kennedy, AIChE J., 1993, 39, 607–614.
Y. Yoshimura, Catal. Today, 2011, 164, 533–537.
This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2015
RSC Adv., 2015, 5, 33339–33346 | 33345