Studies in asymmetric epoxidation of chalcone using quaternary salts and nonionic surfactants based on 6-amino-6-deoxy-glucose as chiral phase transfer catalysts

Article abstract of DOI:10.1155/2011/873253

Quaternary salts and nonionic surfactants based on 6-amino-6-deoxy-glucose were explored as chiral phase transfer catalysts for the asymmetric epoxidation of chalcone. Quaternary salts used in the present study, were void of any branched chain or long hyd

Full text of DOI:10.1155/2011/873253

ISSN: 0973-4945; CODEN ECJHAO
E-Journal of Chemistry
2011, 8(3), 1293-1297
http://www.e-journals.net
Studies in Asymmetric Epoxidation of
Chalcone Using Quaternary Salts and Nonionic
Surfactants Based on 6-Amino-6-deoxy-glucose
as Chiral Phase Transfer Catalysts
*
LALIT SHARMA , SUBHASH CHANDER SHARMA and SAROJ
*
Department of Applied Chemistry
Shaheed Bhagat Singh College of Engg and Tech Ferozepur-152 004, India
s.lalit@lycos.com
Received 24 April 2010; Revised 24 September 2010; Accepted 8 January 2011
Abstract: Quaternary salts and nonionic surfactants based on 6-amino-6-
deoxy-glucose were explored as chiral phase transfer catalysts for the
asymmetric epoxidation of chalcone. Quaternary salts used in the present
study, were void of any branched chain or long hydrocarbon chain, whereas
the sugar based nonionic surfactants have a long hexadecyl moiety as tail. It
was observed that quaternary salts showed no activity as phase transfer
catalysts but sugar based nonionic surfactants acted as chiral phase transfer
catalysts. It was also revealed that hydrophilicity of the surfactant favors more
yield whereas stereochemistry governs enantioselectivity. (6,6’-Hexadecylimino)
bis(6-deoxy-1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-D-glucofuranose) was found to be the
most suitable chiral phase transfer catalyst, resulting asymmetric epoxidation
of chalcone with 90% yield and 16.5% enantiomeric excess (ee).
Keywords: Asymmetric epoxidation, Chalcone, Quaternary sugar salts, Nonionic surfactants
Introduction
1
Although, sharpless paved the way for much of today’s catalytic asymmetric syntheses , the
2-6
use of phase-transfer catalysts in asymmetric synthesis was described in the mid-1970s.
Various methods, including phase transfer catalysis (PTC), for the asymmetric epoxidation
of electron-deficient olefins, as particularly α, β-enones, have attracted widespread attention.
There are excellent reviews available on this subject. The applications of epoxy ketones as
7,8
9
versatile building blocks in organic synthesis has also been reviewed .
10-15
Recently, some new methods for asymmetric enone epoxidation have been reported
but the possibility of using sugar based quaternary salts and nonionic surfactants as chiral
,

Studies in Asymmetric Epoxidation of Chalcone
1294
phase transfer catalysts has not been systematically explored or generalized. The present
study describes the use of quaternary salts of some 6-amino-6-deoxy-D-glucose derivatives
and glucose based nonionic surfactants for the asymmetric epoxidation of chalcone. To our
knowledge, this is first example of exploring quaternary sugar salts and sugar based nonionic
surfactants as chiral phase transfer catalysts for asymmetric epoxidation of chalcone.
Experimental
1
Melting points were determined in capillaries and are uncorrected. H NMR spectra were
recorded at 200 MHz on a Bruker FT NMR 200 Spectrometer. TMS was used as internal
reference for solutions in deuteriochloroform. Optical rotations were measured with a JASCO
DIP-360 digital polarimeter in a 1 dm cell. Column chromatography was performed on silica gel
(60-120 mesh) and TLC plates were coated with silica G. The spots were developed in iodine and
/ or charring with 1% sulfuric acid in water. Distilled solvents were used for column
chromatography. Other chemicals were of analytical grade and used without further purification.
General procedure for asymmetric epoxidation of chalcone under phase transfer
conditions
A mixture of chalcone 1 (1.02 g, 5 mM) and PTC (0.5 mM) in a biphase system,
o
dichloromethane and 30% aqueous H O (4.5 mL) was added and stirred at 0 C for 30 min.
2
2
Sodium hydroxide (0.38 g, 9.5 mM) was added and mixture solution stirred at room
temperature for 24 h. On completion of reaction, yellow color had disappeared or changed
to light color. Dichloromethane (100 mL) was added and the mixture solution washed with
water (2x10 mL). Dichloromethane layer was separated, dried over sodium sulphate and
evaporated at reduced pressure. The crude material was subjected to column
chromatography with hexane: dichloromethane (50:50v/v) as elutant to afford colorless solid
o
16
o
1
(
3
2), m.p. 64-65 C, literature m.p. 64-65 C. H NMR (200 MHz) δ
); 4.30 (d, 1H, J = 1.6 Hz, H-2); 7.40-8.00 (m, 10H, Ar H). The specific rotation of the
resulted chalcone epoxide (2), for each entry, was measured in chloroform and compared
: 4.08 (d, 1H, J = 1.6 Hz, H-
17
with the literature data to obtain enantiomeric excess (ee).
(2E)-1,3-diphenylprop-2-en-1-one (chalcone) (1)
Sodium hydroxide (2.18 g, 54.5 mM) was added to water-ethanol mixture (2:1, 30 mL) and
solution stirred for 5 min. at room temperature. Acetophenone (5.36 g, 45 mM) was added
and mixture solution stirred vigorously in ice bath for 10 min. followed by addition of
benzaldehyde (4.80 g, 45 mM). The mixture solution was further stirred for 3 h in ice bath.
The stirring was discontinued and it was placed in ice bath for overnight. Pale yellow solid
was separated by filteration with suction on a Buchner funnel and recrystallized from
o
18
o
ethanol to afford 1 (6.32 g, 72%); m.p. 56-57 C; lit. m.p. 57-58 C.
6
-Deoxy-6-trimethylammonium-1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-D-glucofuranoseiodide (3)
19
o
The compound was synthesized as described in literature . m.p. 240 C (decomp.); lit. m.p.
o
40 C (decomp).
2
6-Deoxy-6-diethylmethylammonium-1,2-O-isopropylidene-
iodide (4)
α-D-glucofuranose
1
The compound was synthesized as described in literature . It was obtained as syrup.
9
6-Deoxy-6-diethylbenzylammonium-1,2-O-isopropylidene-
chloride (5)
α
-D-glucofuranose
19
o
The compound was synthesized as described in literature . m.p. 65-66 C; lit. m.p. 64-66 C.
o

1
295
LALIT SHARMA et al.
6
-Deoxy-6-(N-benzylhexadecyl)amino-1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-D-glucofuranose (6)
20
The compound was synthesized as reported in literature . It was subjected to column
chromatography and elution with dichloromethane:ethyl acetate (65:35v/v) afforded 6 as
o
colorless solid, m.p. 65 C; lit. m.p. 64 C.
o
20
(
6,6’-Hexadecylimino)bis(6-deoxy-1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-D-glucofuranose) (7)
20
The compound was synthesized as reported in literature . It was subjected to column
chromatography and elution with dichloromethane:ethyl acetate (20:80 v/v) afforded 7 as syrup.
(6,6’-Hexadecylimino)bis(6-deoxy-D-glucopyranose) (8)
To 7 (0.2 g) in dichloromethane (3 mL) trifluoroacetic acid (0.1 g) was added and mixture
solution was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The solvent was evaporated under reduced
pressure. The product showed single spot on TLC and was further used without isolation.
Results and Discussion
The glucose derivatives (3-8) explored for asymmetric epoxidation of chalcone (1) are given
20
in Scheme 1. Quaternary sugar salts (3-5) and glucose based nonionic surfactants (6-8)
19
are known compounds and have already been reported by one of us. In the present study,
dichloromethane was used as the organic phase and 30% water solution of hydrogen
peroxide was used as the aqueous phase. Table 1 summarizes the results.
Preliminary studies were focused on the investigation of the asymmetric epoxidation of
chalcone (1) with catalytic amount (0.5 mM) of sugar quaternary salts (3-5) of 6-amino-6-
deoxy-D-glucose derivatives. This investigation did not produce any encouraging results.
There was no reaction even after 24 h, as monitored by TLC. This happens probably because
unlike normal quaternary salts used as phase transfer catalysts [e.g. tetrabutylammonium
+
C H N )], the catalysts (3-5) are void of any branched or long hydrophobic alkyl chain,
(
thus remained unable to act as phase transfer catalysts.
4
9
O
H
O
O
6
- 8
H O / NaOH, CH Cl , r.t.
2
2
2
2
H
1
2
R'
R
R''
+
N
.
-
X
.
OH
OH
OH
OH
O
O
O
H
O
O
OH
OH
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
O
O
HO
OH
G
3
R = R’ = R” = CH , X = I,
3
G’
4
5
R = R’ = CH CH , R” = CH , X = I,
2 3 3
R = R’ = CH CH , R” = CH Ph, X = Cl
2
H C-(CH ) -NRR’
3
3
2
2 15
6
7
8
R = CH Ph, R’ = G
2
R = R’ = G
R = R’ = G’
Scheme 1

Studies in Asymmetric Epoxidation of Chalcone
1296
Table 1. The Effect of chiral PTCs 3-8 on the enantioselectivity in epoxidation of chalcone (1)
a
Entry
Catalyst
Yield of 2, %
No reaction
No reaction
No reaction
78
ee, %
----
----
a
b
c
d
e
f
3
4
5
6
7
8
----
9.4
86
90
16.5
12.3
a
The enantiomeric excess (ee) for each entry was determined by comparison of specific rotation for 2
1
with literature data ; [α] = -157.2 (c 0.40, CHCl3)
7
23
D
The focus was then concentrated on exploring glucose based nonionic surfactants
6-8) as chiral PTCs. As expected, all the three surfactants showed promising results.
(
The compound 6 gave 78% yield with 9.4% enantiomeric excess (ee) of the resulting
chalcone epoxide, the compound 7 provided 86% epoxide with 16.5% ee and 8 afforded
9
0% epoxide with 12.3 ee, respectively.
Out of sugar based nonionic surfactants used here, 8 was found to be the most
effective phase transfer catalyst resulting 90% of chalcone epoxide. It can be justified
on the lines that sugar surfactants used in present study have hydrophilic:hydrophobic
ratio in the order 8 > 7 > 6. It seems as if more hydrophilic: hydrophobic ratio results in
better efficiency as phase transfer catalyst for each surfactant, thus 8 acts as a better
shuttling agent for extracting H O from aqueous phase into the organic reaction phase
2
2
thus causing asymmetric epoxidation of chalcone in better yield compared to other
surfactants used.
The better enantioselectivity achieved by using 7 as chiral phase transfer catalyst can be
justified on the lines that its stereochemistry better enhances the discrimination in the
oxygen transfer process, between the enantiotopic faces of the chalcone, compared to other
phase transfer catalysts i.e. 6 and 8 used in this study.
The inferior yield and enantioselectivity achieved using 6 as PTC is due to being most
hydrophobic, it has poor efficiency as shuttling agent for extracting H O from aqueous
phase into the organic reaction phase.
2
2
Conclusion
Quaternary sugar salts and sugar based nonionic surfactants derived from 6-amino-6-deoxy-
glucose were explored, for the first time, as chiral phase transfer catalysts for the asymmetric
epoxidation of chalcone. It was found that quaternary sugar salts, being void of any
branched or long alkyl chain, remain unable to act but sugar based nonionic surfactants with
hexadecyl moiety as tail acted as chiral PTCs. It was also revealed that more hydrophilicity
of the surfactant resulted in better yield of desired chalcone epoxide but enantioselectivity of
the reaction was governed by the stereochemistry. The present investigation suggests that
sugar based nonionic surfactants have excellent scope for further development as chiral
PTCs.
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by the Department of Science and Technology, Government of
India, New Delhi.

1
297
LALIT SHARMA et al.
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