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the high photo-capacity to mediate the oxidation of alcohols to
aldehydes under visible light irradiation (conversions up to and
exceeding 99%).
9 S. Zavahir, Q. Xiao, S. Sarina, J. Zhao, S. Bottle, M. Wellard,
J. Jia, L. Jing, Y. Huang, J. P. Blinco, H. Wu and H.-Y. Zhu,
ACS Catal., 2016, 6, 3580–3588.
Furthermore, the controlled photo-oxidation of aliphatic 10 X. Lang, J. Zhao and X. Chen, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2016,
alcohols yielding aldehyde intermediates and regio-selectivity 55, 4697–4700.
for 2,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxypropionaldehyde synthesis illus- 11 M. Hosseini-Sarvari, M. Koohgard, S. Firoozi, A. Mohajeri
trates the potential for alizarin red sensitised zinc oxide to and H. Tavakolian, New J. Chem., 2018, 42, 6880–6888.
function as a prominent photo-oxidising agent in contemporary 12 Y. Zhang, Z. Wang and X. Lang, Catal. Sci. Technol., 2017, 7,
photo-redox chemistry practises. 4955–4963.
In conjunction to the previously obtained electron spin 13 E. L. Tae, S. H. Lee, J. K. Lee, S. S. Yoo, E. J. Kang and
resonance studies, the photoluminescence and powder diffuse K. B. Yoon, J. Phys. Chem. B, 2005, 109, 22513–22522.
reectance UV/Vis spectroscopy studies, and DFT modelling 14 R. Giovannetti, C. A. D. Amato, M. Zannotti, E. Rommozzi,
have arguably substantiated a rened mechanism to provide
further insight into understanding the photo-mechanistic
pathways in the alizarin red/Ag–Na/ZnO/TEMPO system.
Future investigations to recycle the aqueous sodium, extend
the aliphatic scope to more complex natural product systems in
R. Gunnella, M. Minicucci and A. Di Cicco, Sci. Rep., 2015,
5, 17801.
15 J. Kurepa, T. Paunesku, S. Vogt, H. Arora, B. M. Rabatic, J. Lu,
M. B. Wanzer, G. E. Woloschak and J. A. Smalle, Nano Lett.,
2010, 10, 2296–2302.
various electrolytic solvents and understand the regio-selective 16 X. Lang, J. Zhao and X. Chen, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2016,
oxidation of 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propandiol are currently
underway within our laboratories.
55, 4697–4700.
17 P. M. Jayaweera and T. A. U. Jayarathne, Surf. Sci., 2006, 600,
L297–L300.
18 V. Jeena and R. S. Robinson, Chem. Commun., 2012, 48, 299–
Declaration
301.
The nancial assistance of the National Research Foundation 19 V. Jeena and R. S. Robinson, Dalton Trans., 2012, 41, 3134–
(NRF) towards this research is hereby acknowledged. Opinions 3137.
expressed and conclusions arrived at, are those of the author 20 R. Cortez, D. A. Luna-Vital, D. Margulis and E. Gonzalez de
and are not necessarily to be attributed to the NRF.
Mejia, Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf., 2017, 16, 180–198.
21 C. Zheng, G. He, X. Xiao, M. Lu, H. Zhong, X. Zuo and J. Nan,
Appl. Catal., B, 2017, 205, 201–210.
22 A. Braithwaite and F. J. Smith, Chromatographic Methods,
Chapman and Hall Ltd, United States of America, 4th edn,
1985.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conicts to declare.
23 G. Guiochon and C. L. Guillemin, in Journal of
Chromatography Library ed. G. Guiochon and C. L.
Guillemin, Elsevier, 1988, vol. 42, pp. 629–659.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to acknowledge ESKOM TESP and the NRF for
their generous nancial assistance and kindly thank Mr Craig 24 J. Einhorn, C. Einhorn, F. Ratajczak and J.-L. Pierre, J. Org.
Grimmer, Professor Matthew Akerman and Mrs Caryl Janse van Chem., 1996, 61, 7452–7454.
Rensburg for their support and density functional theory 25 C. Wiles, P. Watts and S. J. Haswell, Tetrahedron Lett., 2006,
knowledge throughout the study.
47, 5261–5264.
26 G. Tojo and M. I. Fernandez, Oxidation of Alcohols to
Aldehydes and Ketones: A Guide to Current Common Practice,
Springer, US, 2006.
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