10.1055/s-2004-820052
The study presents a solid-phase synthesis method for indol-2-ones, a pharmacophore found in various drugs and alkaloids, using aryl radical cyclization of resin-bound N-(2-bromophenyl)acrylamides. Key chemicals include commercially available 2-bromoanilines, acryloyl chloride derivatives, and Bu3SnH (tri-n-butyltin hydride) as a reducing agent. The solvent DMF (dimethylformamide) was identified as optimal for the radical cyclization, enhancing the reagent concentration effect on the polymer support. The study leverages microwave irradiation to accelerate the reaction, significantly reducing the time compared to conventional thermal heating. The synthesized indol-2-ones were obtained in good yields and high purity, demonstrating the efficiency of the method for combinatorial chemistry and solid-phase synthesis.
10.1016/S0040-4039(00)01093-5
The study focuses on the synthesis of (+)-alloyohimbane, a yohimbine alkaloid, using the intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction of N-acylvinyl imidates as a key methodology. This approach provides a rapid entry into cis-fused hexahydroisoquinolones, which are essential for constructing the DE rings of yohimbine alkaloids. The chemicals used in the study include sorbic acid, LDA (lithium diisopropylamide), acid chloride, 2-ethoxy-1-aza-1,3-butadiene, benzene, NaBH3CNBH3 (sodium cyanoborohydride), TFA (trifluoroacetic acid), and various other reagents for the synthesis and transformation of intermediates. These chemicals serve to deconjugate sorbic acid, form the Diels-Alder precursor, effect the cycloaddition to form the cycloaddduct, and subsequently reduce and modify the product to afford the target lactam and ultimately (+)-alloyohimbane. The study also developed a radical-based strategy for synthesizing indoline electrophiles from o-bromoaniline derivatives, which are crucial for the synthesis of substituted indolines and the completion of the alkaloid structure.
10.1016/S0040-4039(01)90354-5
The study presents an efficient methodology for the synthesis of indole derivatives in a single operation using organodilithium reagents and vicinal dication equivalents. Key chemicals involved include 2-bromoaniline derivatives, which are used to prepare organodimetallic reagents through bromine-lithium exchange, a process that facilitates efficient, site-specific lithiation. For instance, 2'-bromo-2,2-dimethylpropionanilide reacts with methyllithium and t-butyllithium to form the organodilithium derivative. This derivative is then reacted with biselectrophiles such as 2-chlorocyclohexanone to produce indole precursors. The study also explores the effects of variations in nitrogen protecting groups and reaction temperatures. The methodology allows for the formation of either N-protected or unprotected indoles, with dehydration induced by trifluoroacetic acid yielding N-protected products like 3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole. The study further demonstrates the versatility of the method by using different biselectrophiles, such as the enolate of cyclohexenone epoxide and enediones, to produce various indole derivatives. The results highlight the regiocontrol and synthetic efficiency of this approach, with high yields and the ability to directly convert commercially available 2-bromoaniline to tetrahydrocarbazole in one operation.