1034147-27-7Relevant academic research and scientific papers
Formal homo-nazarov and other cyclization reactions of activated cyclopropanes
De Simone, Filippo,Saget, Tanguy,Benfatti, Fides,Almeida, Sofia,Waser, Jerome
supporting information; experimental part, p. 14527 - 14538 (2012/02/04)
The Nazarov cyclization of divinyl ketones gives access to cyclopentenones. Replacing one of the vinyl groups by a cyclopropane leads to a formal homo-Nazarov process for the synthesis of cyclohexenones. In contrast to the Nazarov reaction, the cyclization of vinyl-cyclopropyl ketones is a stepwise process, often requiring harsh conditions. Herein, we describe two different approaches for further polarization of the three-membered ring of vinyl-cyclopropyl ketones to allow the formal homo-Nazarov reaction under mild catalytic conditions. In the first approach, the introduction of an ester group α to the carbonyl on the cyclopropane gave a more than tenfold increase in reaction rate, allowing us to extend the scope of the reaction to non-electron-rich aryl donor substituents in the β position to the carbonyl on the cyclopropane. In this case, a proof of principle for asymmetric induction could be achieved using chiral Lewis acid catalysts. In the second approach, heteroatoms, especially nitrogen, were introduced β to the carbonyl on the cyclopropane. In this case, the reaction was especially successful when the vinyl group was replaced by an indole heterocycle. With a free indole, the formal homo-Nazarov cyclization on the C3 position of indole was observed using a copper catalyst. In contrast, a new cyclization reaction on the N1 position was observed with BrAnsted acid catalysts. Both reactions were applied to the synthesis of natural alkaloids. Preliminary investigations on the rationalization of the observed regioselectivity are also reported.
Scope and mechanism for Lewis acid-catalyzed cycloadditions of aldehydes and donor-acceptor cyclopropanes: Evidence for a stereospecific intimate ion pair pathway
Pohlhaus, Patrick D.,Sanders, Shanina D.,Parsons, Andrew T.,Li, Wei,Johnson, Jeffrey S.
, p. 8642 - 8650 (2008/12/23)
In this work, the one-step diastereoselective synthesis of cis-2,5-disubstituted tetrahydrofurans via Lewis acid catalyzed [3 + 2] cycloadditions of donor-acceptor (D-A) cyclopropanes and aldehydes is described. The scope and limitations with respect to both reaction partners are provided. A detailed examination of the mechanism has been performed, including stereochemical analysis and electronic profiling of both reactants. Experimental evidence supports an unusual stereospecific intimate ion pair mechanism wherein the aldehyde functions as a nucleophile and malonate acts as the nucleofuge. The reaction proceeds with inversion at the cyclopropane donor site and allows absolute stereochemical information to be transferred to the products with high fidelity. The mechanism facilitates the stereospecific synthesis of a range of optically active tetrahydrofuran derivatives from enantioenriched D-A cyclopropanes.
