1146212-15-8Relevant academic research and scientific papers
Preparation of samarium(II) iodide: Quantitative evaluation of the effect of water, oxygen, and peroxide content, preparative methods, and the activation of samarium metal
Szostak, Michal,Spain, Malcolm,Procter, David J.
experimental part, p. 3049 - 3059 (2012/06/01)
Samarium(II) iodide (SmI2) is one of the most important reducing agents in organic synthesis. Synthetic chemistry promoted by SmI2 depends on the efficient and reliable preparation of the reagent. Unfortunately, users can experience difficulties preparing the reagent, and this has prevented realization of the full synthetic potential of SmI2. To provide synthetic chemists with general and reliable methods for the preparation of SmI2, a systematic evaluation of the factors involved in its synthesis has been carried out. Our studies confirm that SmI2 is a user-friendly reagent. Factors such as water, oxygen, and peroxide content in THF have little influence on the synthesis of SmI2. In addition, the use of specialized glovebox equipment or Schlenk techniques is not required for the preparation of SmI2. However, our studies suggest that the quality of samarium metal is an important factor and that the use of low quality metal is the main cause of failed preparations of the reagent. Accordingly, we report a straightforward method for activation of "inactive" samarium metal and demonstrate the broad utility of this protocol through the electron transfer reductions of a range of substrates using SmI2 prepared from otherwise "inactive" metal. An investigation into the stability of SmI2 solutions and an evaluation of commercially available solutions of the reagent is also reported.
Regioselective hydroformylation of allylic alcohols
Lightburn, Thomas E.,De Paolis, Omar A.,Cheng, Ka H.,Tan, Kian L.
supporting information; experimental part, p. 2686 - 2689 (2011/06/28)
A highly regioselective hydroformylation of allylic alcohols is reported toward the synthesis of β-hydroxy-acid and aldehyde products. The selectivity is achieved through the use of a ligand that reversibly binds to alcohols in situ, allowing for a directed hydroformylation to occur. The application to trisubstituted olefins was also demonstrated, which yields a single diastereomer product consistent with a stereospecific addition of CO and hydrogen.
Selective reductions of cyclic 1,3-diesters by using SmI2 and H2O
Collins, Karl D.,Oliveira, Juliana M.,Guazzelli, Giuditta,Sautier, Brice,De Grazia, Sara,Matsubara, Hiroshi,Helliwell, Madeleine,Procter, David J.
scheme or table, p. 10240 - 10249 (2010/11/18)
SmI2/H2O reduces cyclic 1,3-diesters to 3-hydroxyacids with no over reduction. Furthermore, the reagent system is selective for cyclic 1,3-diesters over acyclic 1,3-diesters, and esters. Radicals formed by one-electron reduction of the ester carbonyl group have been exploited in intramolecular additions to alkenes. The ketal unit and the reaction temperature have a marked impact on the diastereoselectivity of the cyclizations. Cyclization cascades are possible when two alkenes are present in the starting cyclic diester and lead to the formation of two rings and four stereocenters with excellent stereocontrol.
