13172-91-3Relevant academic research and scientific papers
Influence of acid-base properties of the support on copper-based catalysts for catalytic dehydrogenation of 2-butanol
Bai, Guoyi,Wang, Yalong,Li, Fei,Zhao, Zhen,Chen, Guofeng,Li, Na,Han, Xue
, p. 101 - 107 (2013)
Copper-based catalysts, supported on γ-Al2O3, La2O3, and γ-Al2O3-La 2O3, respectively, were prepared by co-precipitation and tested in the continuous dehydrogenation of 2-butanol to methyl ethyl ketone. The catalytic performance of the catalysts was found to be markedly dependent on acid-base properties of the support. Three copper species were found in the calcined samples: Cu2+, [Cu-O-Cu] n cluster, and bulky CuO oxides. Cu0 was shown to be the active species of the reduced copper-based catalysts. The synergistic effect between γ-Al 2O3 and La2O3 when used as a support for well dispersed Cu0 gave the system with the best activity and stability; whereas, loss of the active Cu0 during the reaction was believed to be the main reason for Cu-La2O3 deactivation. Moreover, a possible reaction mechanism was proposed based on GC-MS results. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
Oligomerization of 1-butene with a homogeneous catalyst system based on allylic nickel complexes
Behr,Bayrak,Peitz,Stochniol,Maschmeyer
, p. 41372 - 41376 (2015/05/27)
The oligomerization of 1-butene with a nickel-based catalyst system constitutes an elegant synthesis method for obtaining linear octenes from readily available chemicals. It is well known that the bis-(cyclooctadiene)nickel(0)-complex (Ni(COD)2) can be used in combination with 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoroacetylacetone (hfacac) forming [Ni-1] as a catalyst for the dimerization of 1-butene, which produces a linear octene yield of 75-83% at reaction temperatures between 70-80 °C. We are the first to demonstrate that it is also possible to use allylic nickel complexes in combination with hfacac to produce linear octenes with a selectivity of 70% under very mild reaction conditions and at low catalyst concentrations. Additionally the catalyst can be formed simply by adding the activator hfacac to a solution of the allylic nickel complex. No complicated synthesis or purification is needed.
Comparative Dimerization of 1-Butene mith a Variety of Metal Catalysts, and the Investigation of a New Catalyst for C-H Bond Activation
Small, Brooke L.,Schmidt, Roland
, p. 1014 - 1020 (2007/10/03)
Catalytic dimerization of 1-butene by a variety of catalysts is carried out, and the products are analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Catalysts based on cobalt and iron can produce highly linear dimers, with the cobalt-based dimers exceeding 97% linearity. Catalysts based on vanadium and aluminum prefer to make branched dimers, which are most often methyl-heptenes in the case of vanadium and almost exclusively 2-ethyl-1-butene in the case of aluminum. The vanadium catalyst also produces substantial amounts of dienes and alkanes, suggesting a competing hydrogenation/dehydrogenation pathway that appears to involve vinyl C-H bond activation. Nickel catalysts are generally less selective than those based on iron or cobalt for making linear dimers, but they can make dimers with 60% linearity. The major by-products for the nickel systems are trisubstituted internal olefins. An important side reaction that must be considered for dimerization reactions is 1-butene isomerization to 2-butene, which makes recycling the butene difficult for a linear dimerization process. Aluminum, iron, and vanadium systems promote very little isomerization, but nickel and cobalt systems tend to isomerize the undimerized substrate heavily.
