13388-88-0Relevant articles and documents
Transition States and Control of Substrate Preference in the Promiscuous Phosphatase PP1
Chu, Yuan,Williams, Nicholas H.,Hengge, Alvan C.
, p. 3923 - 3933 (2017/08/07)
Catalytically promiscuous enzymes are an attractive frontier for biochemistry, because enzyme promiscuities not only plausibly explain enzyme evolution through the mechanism of gene duplication but also could provide an efficient route to changing the catalytic function of proteins by mimicking this evolutionary process. PP1γ is an effectively promiscuous phosphatase for the hydrolysis of both monoanionic and dianionic phosphate ester-based substrates. In addition to its native phosphate monoester substrate, PP1γ catalyzes the hydrolysis of aryl methylphosphonates, fluorophosphate esters, phosphorothioate esters, and phosphodiesters, with second-order rate accelerations that fall within the narrow range of 1011-1013. In contrast to the different transition states in the uncatalyzed hydrolysis reactions of these substrates, PP1γ catalyzes their hydrolysis through similar transition states. PP1γ does not catalyze the hydrolysis of a sulfate ester, which is unexpected. The PP1γ active site is tolerant of variations in the geometry of bound ligands, which permit the effective catalysis even of substrates whose steric requirements may result in perturbations to the positioning of the transferring group, both in the initial enzyme-substrate complex and in the transition state. The conservative mutation of arginine 221 to lysine results in a mutant that is a more effective catalyst toward monoanionic substrates. The surprising conversion of substrate preference lends support to the notion that mutations following gene duplication can result in an altered enzyme with different catalytic capabilities and preferences and may provide a pathway for the evolution of new enzymes.
Pyrimidine nucleotides with 4-alkyloxyimino and terminal tetraphosphate δ-ester modifications as selective agonists of the P2Y4 receptor
Maruoka, Hiroshi,Jayasekara, M. P. Suresh,Barrett, Matthew O.,Franklin, Derek A.,De Castro, Sonia,Kim, Nathaniel,Costanzi, Stefano,Harden, T. Kendall,Jacobson, Kenneth A.
scheme or table, p. 4018 - 4033 (2011/08/05)
P2Y2 and P2Y4 receptors are G protein-coupled receptors, activated by UTP and dinucleoside tetraphosphates, which are difficult to distinguish pharmacologically for lack of potent and selective ligands. We structurally varied phosphate and uracil moieties in analogues of pyrimidine nucleoside 5′-triphosphates and 5′-tetraphosphate esters. P2Y4 receptor potency in phospholipase C stimulation in transfected 1321N1 human astrocytoma cells was enhanced in N4-alkyloxycytidine derivatives. OH groups on a terminal δ-glucose phosphoester of uridine 5′-tetraphosphate were inverted or substituted with H or F to probe H-bonding effects. N4-(Phenylpropoxy)-CTP 16 (MRS4062), Up 4-[1]3′-deoxy-3′-fluoroglucose 34 (MRS2927), and N 4-(phenylethoxy)-CTP 15 exhibit ≤10-fold selectivity for human P2Y4 over P2Y2 and P2Y6 receptors (EC 50 values 23, 62, and 73 nM, respectively). δ-3-Chlorophenyl phosphoester 21 of Up4 activated P2Y2 but not P2Y 4 receptor. Selected nucleotides tested for chemical and enzymatic stability were much more stable than UTP. Agonist docking at CXCR4-based P2Y2 and P2Y4 receptor models indicated greater steric tolerance of N4-phenylpropoxy group at P2Y4. Thus, distal structural changes modulate potency, selectivity, and stability of extended uridine tetraphosphate derivatives, and we report the first P2Y4 receptor-selective agonists.
Synthesis of potential UDP-glucuronosyltransferase inhibitors containing a diphosphate function
Noort, D.,Marel, G. A. van der,Gen, A. van der,Mulder, G. J.,Boom, J. H. van
, p. 53 - 56 (2007/10/02)
The synthesis of potential inhibitors of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, in which the β-phosphate moiety of uridine 5'-diphosphate is linked to phenolic or alcoholic hydroxyl groups, is described.Key intermediates in the formation of the diphosphate function are S-(4-methylphenyl) 2-cyanoethyl phosphorothioate triesters which, after conversion into the corresponding S-(4-methylphenyl) phosphorothioate diesters, react with phosphate monoesters, in the presence of iodine, to give the target molecules.
A SIMPLIFIED STRATEGY FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF DIDEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDE BLOCKS
Sadana, K. L.,Hruska, F. E.,Loewen, P. C.
, p. 3367 - 3370 (2007/10/02)
The rapid synthesis of dideoxyribonucleotide blocks in 60-85percent isolated yields has been achieved by combining the phosphorylation and condensation steps in a sequential reaction series which also allows the recovery of unreacted nucleotides.
MECHANISMUS DER REAKTION VON TRIARYLPHOSPHITEN MIT PHOSPHORSAEUREN
Markowska, A.,Olejnik, J.,Mlotkowska, B.,Sobanska, M.
, p. 143 - 146 (2007/10/02)
Arylation of diethyl phosphoric acid by triphenylphosphite leading to diethylphenylphosphate was studied by NMR-spectroscopy.The mixed PIII-PIV-anhydride was proved to be an intermediate.The scope of arylation is presented.
The Dealkylation of Phosphate and Phosphonate Esters by Iodotrimethylsilane: A Mild and Selective Procedure
Blackburn, G. Michael,Ingleson, David
, p. 1150 - 1153 (2007/10/02)
Iodotrimethylsilane transforms alkyl esters of phosphorus oxyacids into their corresponding trimethylsilyl esters and alkyl iodide.The reaction is rapid and quantitative at room temperature.The reagent has no effect on aryl phosphate ester functions or upon alkyl carboxylate, ether, bromoalkane, vinyl, and ethynyl functions under the conditions employed for transesterification.The trimethylsilyl esters can be isolated by distillation or solvolysed without purification using methanol or water to afford dealkylated phosphate and phosphonate species.Selective monodealkylation of dialkyl phosphonates cannot be achieved using only one equivalent of the reagent, wich leads to the formation of mixed products.
