1361224-52-3Relevant articles and documents
Small molecule disruptors of the Glucokinase-Glucokinase regulatory protein interaction: 2. Leveraging structure-based drug design to identify analogues with improved pharmacokinetic profiles
St. Jean, David J.,Ashton, Kate S.,Bartberger, Michael D.,Chen, Jie,Chmait, Samer,Cupples, Rod,Galbreath, Elizabeth,Helmering, Joan,Hong, Fang-Tsao,Jordan, Steven R.,Liu, Longbin,Kunz, Roxanne K.,Michelsen, Klaus,Nishimura, Nobuko,Pennington, Lewis D.,Poon, Steve F.,Reid, Darren,Sivits, Glenn,Stec, Markian M.,Tadesse, Seifu,Tamayo, Nuria,Van, Gwyneth,Yang, Kevin C.,Zhang, Jiandong,Norman, Mark H.,Fotsch, Christopher,Lloyd, David J.,Hale, Clarence
, p. 325 - 338 (2014/02/14)
In the previous report, we described the discovery and optimization of novel small molecule disruptors of the GK-GKRP interaction culminating in the identification of 1 (AMG-1694). Although this analogue possessed excellent in vitro potency and was a useful tool compound in initial proof-of-concept experiments, high metabolic turnover limited its advancement. Guided by a combination of metabolite identification and structure-based design, we have successfully discovered a potent and metabolically stable GK-GKRP disruptor (27, AMG-3969). When administered to db/db mice, this compound demonstrated a robust pharmacodynamic response (GK translocation) as well as statistically significant dose-dependent reductions in fed blood glucose levels.
Antidiabetic effects of glucokinase regulatory protein small-molecule disruptors
Lloyd, David J.,St Jean, David J.,Kurzeja, Robert J. M.,Wahl, Robert C.,Michelsen, Klaus,Cupples, Rod,Chen, Michelle,Wu, John,Sivits, Glenn,Helmering, Joan,Komorowski, Renee,Ashton, Kate S.,Pennington, Lewis D.,Fotsch, Christopher,Vazir, Mukta,Chen, Kui,Chmait, Samer,Zhang, Jiandong,Liu, Longbin,Norman, Mark H.,Andrews, Kristin L.,Bartberger, Michael D.,Van, Gwyneth,Galbreath, Elizabeth J.,Vonderfecht, Steven L.,Wang, Minghan,Jordan, Steven R.,Veniant, Murielle M.,Hale, Clarence
, p. 437 - 440 (2014/01/06)
Glucose homeostasis is a vital and complex process, and its disruption can cause hyperglycaemia and type II diabetes mellitus. Glucokinase (GK), a key enzyme that regulates glucose homeostasis, converts glucose to glucose-6-phosphate in pancreatic β-cells, liver hepatocytes, specific hypothalamic neurons, and gut enterocytes. In hepatocytes, GK regulates glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis, suppresses glucose production, and is subject to the endogenous inhibitor GK regulatory protein (GKRP). During fasting, GKRP binds, inactivates and sequesters GK in the nucleus, which removes GK from the gluconeogenic process and prevents a futile cycle of glucose phosphorylation. Compounds that directly hyperactivate GK (GK activators) lower blood glucose levels and are being evaluated clinically as potential therapeutics for the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus. However, initial reports indicate that an increased risk of hypoglycaemia is associated with some GK activators. To mitigate the risk of hypoglycaemia, we sought to increase GK activity by blocking GKRP. Here we describe the identification of two potent small-molecule GK-GKRP disruptors (AMG-1694 and AMG-3969) that normalized blood glucose levels in several rodent models of diabetes. These compounds potently reversed the inhibitory effect of GKRP on GK activity and promoted GK translocation both in vitro (isolated hepatocytes) and in vivo (liver). A co-crystal structure of full-length human GKRP in complex with AMG-1694 revealed a previously unknown binding pocket in GKRP distinct from that of the phosphofructose-binding site. Furthermore, with AMG-1694 and AMG-3969 (but not GK activators), blood glucose lowering was restricted to diabetic and not normoglycaemic animals. These findings exploit a new cellular mechanism for lowering blood glucose levels with reduced potential for hypoglycaemic risk in patients with type II diabetes mellitus.
