13629-82-8Relevant academic research and scientific papers
COMPOUNDS MODULATING ACTIVITY OF FARNESOID X RECEPTOR AND METHODS FOR THE USE THEREOF
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Page/Page column 11, (2018/10/25)
Compounds such as vidofludimus and its analogues useful in modulating the activity of nuclear receptor FXR. Also disclosed are the methods for treating FXR-mediated disease or process in a mammal, comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound claimed, wherein the FXR-mediated disease or condition linked to chronic liver diseases such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, inflammatory diisease such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease, cardiovascular diseases, or metabolic diseases such as diabetes and obesity.
Formation of a carcinogenic aromatic amine from an azo dye by human skin bacteria in vitro
Platzek,Lang,Grohmann,Gi,Baltes
, p. 552 - 559 (2007/10/03)
Azo dyes represent the major class of dyestuffs. They are metabolised to the corresponding amines by liver enzymes and the intestinal microflora following incorporation by both experimental animals and humans. For safety evaluation of the dermal exposure of consumers to azo dyes from wearing coloured textiles, a possible cleavage of azo dyes by the skin microflora should be considered since, in contrast to many dyes, aromatic amines are easily absorbed by the skin. A method for measuring the ability of human skin flora to reduce azo dyes was established. In a standard experiment, 3 X 1011 cells of a culture of Staphylococcus aureus were incubated in synthetic sweat (pH 6.8, final volume 20 mL) at 28°C for 24 h with Direct Blue 14 (C.I. 23850, DB 14). The reaction products were extracted and analysed using HPLC. The reduction product o-tolidine (3,3'-dimethylbenzidine, OT) could indeed be detected showing that the strain used was able to metabolise DB 14 to the corresponding aromatic amine. In addition to OT, two further metabolites of DB 14 were detected. Using mass spectrometry they were identified as 3,3'-dimethyl-4-amino-4'-hydroxybiphenyl and 3,3'-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl. The ability to cleave azo dyes seems to be widely distributed among human skin bacteria, as, under these in vitro conditions, bacteria isolated from healthy human skin and human skin bacteria from strain collections also exhibited azo reductase activity. Further studies are in progress in order to include additional azo dyes and coloured textiles. At the moment, the meaning of the results with regard to consumer health cannot be finally assessed.
