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Biochem/physiol Actions

(2R,6R)-Hydroxynorketamine is a ketamine metabolite that has rapid antidepressant activity without ketamine-related side effects. The NMDAR antagonist (R,S)-ketamine must be metabolized to (2S,6S;2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK) to have antidepressant effects. The (2R,6R)-HNK enantiomer appears to be the enantiomer most responsible for antidepressant effects in a mouse study and unlike (2S,6S)-HNK, (2R,6R)-HNK caused no significant changes in locomotion or coordination. (2R,6R)-HNK does not seem to have the same addiction potential as ketamine, since mice did not self-administer pharmacologically relevant doses of (2R,6R)-HNK under the same conditions where ketamine was readily self-administered. The (2R,6R)-HNK antidepressant appears to involve activation of AMPA glutamate receptors rather than inhibition of NMDA glutamate receptors.

Upstream product

• 83777-64-4 (R)-Norketamine 
• 35211-10-0 norketamine 
• 79499-57-3 (±)-1-((2-chlorophenyl)(imino)methyl)cyclopentan-1-ol 
• 6740-86-9 (1-Bromocyclopentyl)(2-chlorophenyl)methanone 
• 6740-85-8 (2-chlorophenyl)(cyclopentyl)methanone 

Relevant academic research and scientific papers

CRYSTAL FORMS AND METHODS OF SYNTHESIS OF (2R, 6R)-HYDROXYNORKETAMINE AND (2S, 6S)-HYDROXYNORKETAMINE

The disclosure provides a method for synthesizing free base forms of (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK) and (2S,6S)-hydroxynorketamine. In an embodiment synthesis of (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK) includes preparation of (R)-norketamine via chiral resolution from racemic norketamine via a chiral resolution with L-pyroglutamic acid. The disclosure also provided crystal forms of the corresponding (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK) and (2S,6S)-hydroxynorketamine hydrochloride salts.

PROCESS FOR SYNTHESIS AND PURIFICATION OF (2R,6R)-HYDROXYNORKETAMINE

A process for the preparation of (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine is provided. The process requires no chromatography purification and affords the (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine in eight steps with a 26% overall yield and greater than 97% purity.

Synthesis and N-Methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) Receptor Activity of Ketamine Metabolites

Ketamine is rapidly metabolized in the human body to a variety of metabolites, including the hydroxynorketamines. At least two hydroxynorketamines have significant antidepressant action in rodent models, with limited action against the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. The synthesis of 12 hydroxynorketamines and their binding affinity to the NMDA receptor is presented here.

Simple enantioselective syntheses of (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine and related potential rapid-onset antidepressants

A novel strategy for accessing cyclic α-amino ketones enantioselectively has opened a simple synthetic route to the antidepressant (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine and numerous analogues. Mechanistically guided catalyst selection was essential in an initial olefin epoxidation step. In a second crucial step, the epoxide was subjected to a novel O → N displacement that occurred with retention of configuration through the use of Al- or Ti-based azides, which promote epoxide activation and internal cis delivery of N3 to carbon.