1975-32-2

Upstream product

• 98102-91-1 (R)(+)-1r-Isopropyl-cyclohexanol-(2t) 
• 1004-77-9 2-isopropylcyclohexanone 
• 96-07-1 (+/-)-trans-2-Isopropyl-cyclohexanol 
• 6651-36-1 1-(Trimethylsilyloxy)cyclohexene 

Relevant academic research and scientific papers

Induced allostery in the directed evolution of an enantioselective Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase

The molecular basis of allosteric effects, known to be caused by an effector docking to an enzyme at a site distal from the binding pocket, has been studied recently by applying directed evolution. Here, we utilize laboratory evolution in a different way, namely to induce allostery by introducing appropriate distal mutations that cause domain movements with concomitant reshaping of the binding pocket in the absence of an effector. To test this concept, the thermostable Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase, phenylacetone monooxygenase (PAMO), was chosen as the enzyme to be employed in asymmetric Baeyer-Villiger reactions of substrates that are not accepted by the wild type. By using the known X-ray structure of PAMO, a decision was made regarding an appropriate site at which saturation mutagenesis is most likely to generate mutants capable of inducing allostery without any effector compound being present. After screening only 400 transformants, a double mutant was discovered that catalyzes the asymmetric oxidative kinetic resolution of a set of structurally different 2-substituted cyclohexanone derivatives as well as the desymmetrization of three different 4-substituted cyclohexanones, all with high enantioselectivity. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and covariance maps unveiled the origin of increased substrate scope as being due to allostery. Large domain movements occur that expose and reshape the binding pocket. This type of focused library production, aimed at inducing significant allosteric effects, is a viable alternative to traditional approaches to designed directed evolution that address the binding site directly.

Laboratory evolution of robust and enantioselective Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases for asymmetric catalysis

The Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenase, Phenylacetone Monooxygenase (PAMO), recently discovered by Fraaije, Janssen, and co-workers, is unusually thermostable, which makes it a promising candidate for catalyzing enantioselective Baeyer-Villiger reactions in organic chemistry. Unfortunately, however, its substrate scope is very limited, reasonable reaction rates being observed essentially only with phenylacetone and similar linear phenyl-substituted analogs. Previous protein engineering attempts to broaden the range of substrate acceptance and to control enantioselectivity have been met with limited success, including rational design and directed evolution based on saturation mutagenesis with formation of focused mutant libraries, which may have to do with complex domain movements. In the present study, a new approach to laboratory evolution is described which has led to mutants showing unusually high activity and enantioselectivity in the oxidative kinetic resolution of a variety of 2-aryl and 2-alkylcyclohexanones which are not accepted by the wild-type (WT) PAMO and of a structurally very different bicyclic ketone. The new strategy exploits bioinformatics data derived from sequence alignment of eight different Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenases, which in conjunction with the known X-ray structure of PAMO and induced fit docking suggests potential randomization sites, different from all previous approaches to focused library generation. Sites harboring highly conserved proline in a loop of the WT are targeted. The most active and enantioselective mutants retain the high thermostability of the parent WT PAMO. The success of the "proline" hypothesis in the present system calls for further testing in future laboratory evolution studies.

Copper-catalyzed preparation of ketones bearing a stereogenic center in α position

A highly enantioselective synthesis of α-alkylated and -arylated ketones can be achieved by using a reaction sequence consisting of a stereoselective anti-SN2′ allylic substitution in the presence of CuCN·2LiCl following by the oxidation of an intermediate cycloalkenyl lithium species using (Me3SiO)2 or (MeO) 3B/NaBO3·4H2O. (Chemical Equation Presented).

trans-RuH(η1-BH4)(binap)(1,2-diamine): A catalyst for asymmetric hydrogenation of simple ketones under base-free conditions

(Chemical Equqtion Presentation) Reaction of a chiral RuCl2(diphosphine)(1,2-diamine) complex and NaBH4 forms trans-RuH(η1-BH4)(diphosphine)(1,2-diamine) quantitatively. The TolBINAP/DPEN Ru complex has been characterized by single crystal X-ray analysis as well as NMR and IR spectra. The new Ru complexes allow for asymmetric hydrogenation of simple ketones in 2-propanol without an additional strong base. Various base-sensitive ketones are convertible to chiral alcohols in a high enantiomeric purity with a substrate/catalyst ratio of up to 100 000 under mild conditions. Configurationally unstable 2-isopropyl- and 2-methoxycyclohexanone can be kinetically resolved with a high enantiomer discrimination. This procedure overcomes the drawback of an earlier method using RuCl2(diphosphine)(diamine) and an alkaline base, which sometimes causes undesired reactions such as ester exchange, epoxy-ring opening, β-elimination, and polymerization of ketonic substrates. Copyright

Enantioface-differentiating protonation with chiral γ-hydroxyselenoxides

Enantioface-differentiating protonation of a chiral metal enolates of α-alkylcarbonyl compounds 7 has been developed using chiral γ-hydroxyselenoxides 1 as a proton source. Reaction of zinc bromide enolates of 2-benzyl- and 2-n-propylcyclohexanones with (S(Se))-1e gave (S)-2-benzylcyclohexanone 7a and (R)-2-n-propylcyclohexanone 7c in high enantiomeric excess, respectively. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding of the selenoxide 1, chelation effects between 1 and metal enolate, and 2-exo-hydroxy-10-bornyl-framework could contribute to this asymmetric induction.