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Relevant academic research and scientific papers

Butterfly-like Shape Liquid Crystals Based Fused-Thiophene as Unidimensional Ambipolar Organic Semiconductors with High Mobility

Mesomorphous butterfly-like shape molecules based on benzodithiophene, benzodithiophene-4,8-dione and cyclopentadithiophen-4-one core moieties were efficiently synthesized by the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling and Scholl oxidative cyclo-dehydrogenation reactions’ tandem. Most of the butterfly molecules spontaneously self-organize into columnar hexagonal mesophase. The electron-deficient systems possess strong solvent-gelling ability but are not luminescent, whereas the electron-rich terms do not form gels but strongly emit light between 400 and 600 nm. The charge carrier mobility was also measured by time-of-flight transient photocurrent technique in the mesophases for some of the compounds. They display hole-transport performances with positive charge mobility in the 10?3 cm?2 V?1 s?1 range, consistent with the high degree of ordering and stability of the columnar superstructures. In particular, the mesogen with a benzodithiophen-4,8-dione core shows ambipolar charge carrier transport with both high electron (μe=6.6×10?3 cm?2 V?1 s?1) and hole (μh=4.5×10?3 cm?2 V?1 s?1) mobility values.

Triphenylamine- And triazine-containing hydrogen bonded complexes: liquid crystalline supramolecular semiconductors

Despite the fact that triphenylamine derivatives have been widely explored as hole-transporting materials, studies on charge transport properties in the liquid crystal phase have been overlooked. Here, it is reported that triphenylamine liquid crystals can attain very high hole mobility values in a hexagonal columnar mesophase, up toμ≈ 5 cm2V?1s?1. The columnar liquid crystalline phase was obtained by a proper design of a supramolecular mesogen, and this is unprecedented for triphenylamine liquid crystals. In fact, the supramolecules were formed by hydrogen-bonded 1?:?3 complexes of a star-shaped triazine core and three triphenylamine peripheral units. The resulting hexagonal columnar mesophase acts as a successful scaffold that confines TPA units at the periphery of columns. Challenging DFT theoretical investigations into a model based on such supramolecular systems involving a large number of atoms were undertaken to explore the stability and geometry of the complexes and their electronic properties.

Liquid-crystalline TADF materials based on substituted carbazoles and terephthalonitrile

By functionalising 2,5-di(N,N′-carbazolyl)terephthalonitrile or 2,3,5,6-tetra(N,N′-carbazolyl)terephthalonitrile with alkoxy chains located on the carbazole moiety, a family of materials is realised, all of which show a TADF response and two of which are also liquid crystalline. This journal is

Molecular design of benzothienobenzothiophene-cored columnar mesogens: Facile synthesis, mesomorphism, and charge carrier mobility

Benzothienobenzothiophene (BTBT) liquid-crystalline semiconductors are arousing a lot of interest due to their long-range ordered, self-organizational abilities and high-charge carrier transport properties. In this work, we report the design and the straightforward synthesis of a homologous series of compounds containing the BTBT substructure by the successive Suzuki cross-coupling and FeCl3 oxidative Scholl cyclodehydrogenation reaction. Target π-conjugated aromatic, H-shaped sanidic mesogens self-organize into a classical hexagonal columnar mesophase over wide temperature ranges as deduced from polarized optical microscopy (POM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) investigations. UV/Vis absorption and photoluminescence spectra, measured in both solution and films, revealed strong photoluminescence with high quantum yields. The charge carrier mobility measured by the time-of-flight (TOF) technique showed a balanced ambipolar hole and electron mobility in the range of 10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1 between 100 and 230 °C in the mesophase. These BTBT-based columnar liquid crystals may represent attractive candidates to be incorporated within one-dimensional organic optoelectronic devices.

Thermotropic MIDA Boronates as a Case Study for the Role of Dipolar Interactions in Liquid Crystalline Self-Assembly

A series of MIDA (N-methylimino diacetic acid) boronates carrying 4-alkoxy, 3,4-bisalkoxy, or 3,4,5-trisalkoxyphenyl substituents were synthesized and their mesomorphic properties characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarizing optical microscopy (POM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques such as small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS and WAXS, respectively). Most derivatives were liquid crystalline. In the case of mono- and bisalkoxy-substituted derivatives, C6 chains already induced smectic A (SmA) mesophases despite the bulky MIDA head group. With increasing chain length, columnar hexagonal (Colh) phases replaced SmA phases in the disubstituted series. Quantum chemical calculations on a series of MIDA boronates show that the B?N bond is a dative bond with a positive charge on the boron atom and negative charges on the nitrogen and oxygen atoms. In addition, no π-interaction between the aryl moiety and B?N bond was found, thus the mesogenic unit is electronically decoupled from the MIDA head group. These theoretical findings were supported by IR and Raman spectra as well as by asingle crystal structure analysis of 4-ethoxyphenyl MIDA boronate. Calculations of the electrostatic potential of the MIDA boronate reveal a special polarity pattern that can support the formation of a two-dimensional network and is likely to explain the liquid crystalline self-assembly. The absence of any electronic cross-talk between the MIDA head group and B-aryl or B-alkyl substituents allows the efficient tailoring of the mesophase type through variation of the substituents.

Facile bottom-up synthesis of coronene-based 3-fold symmetrical and highly substituted nanographenes from simple aromatics

A facile and efficient self-sorting assemble (CSA) strategy has been paved for bottom-up construction of the 3-fold symmetrical and highly substituted hexa-cata-hexabenzocoronenes (c-HBCs), the trithieno analogues, and larger disc-shaped PAHs from simple

Columnar mesomorphism of fluorescent board-shaped quinoxalinophenanthrophenazine derivatives with donor-acceptor structure

Quinoxalino[2′,3′:9,10]phenanthro[4,5-abc]phenazine (QPP) dyes have been studied as electron acceptor materials, fluorophores, and building blocks for self-organizing organic semiconductors. Condensation of tetraketopyrene with electron-rich diamino-terphenylene and -triphenylene derivatives generates new donor-acceptor QPP derivatives that display columnar mesomorphism over wide ranges of temperature; are fluorescent in solution, liquid crystal, and solid phases; and have electron acceptor properties. Also reported are the synthesis and properties of the first diamino-(tetraalkoxy) triphenylene as a valuable new synthon.

Full-color tunable photoluminescent ionic liquid crystals based on tripodal pyridinium, pyrimidinium, and quinolinium salts

Color-tunable luminescent ionic liquid crystals have been designed as a new series of luminescent materials. To achieve tuning of emission colors, intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) character has been incorporated into tripodal molecules. A series of th

New discotic mesogens based on triphenylene-fused triazatruxenes: Synthesis, physical properties, and self-assembly

A new type of discotic mesogen based on triphenylene-fused triazatruxenes was prepared by microwave-assisted 6-fold Suzuki coupling reactions from hexabromotriazatruxene, followed by FeCl3-mediated oxidative cyclodehydrogenation. These disklike molecules showed extended π-conjugation, compared with the triphenylene and triazatruxene themselves. More importantly, they possess desirable HOMO energy levels, which allow efficient charge injection from electrodes such as gold electrodes. Their thermal behavior and self-assembly were studied by different techniques such as thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, polarizing optical microscopy, and variable-temperature X-ray diffraction. These new discotic mesogens have very good thermal stability and show thermotropic liquid crystalline behavior. Ordered columnar liquid crystalline phase and crystalline phase were observed in both compounds with tunable phase transition temperatures and mesophase widths. The charge carrier mobilities of these extended triazatruxene samples were determined using the space-charge limited-current (SCLC) technique and high hole mobilities of 0.03 and 0.8 cm2 V-1 s-1) were obtained for TP-TATC6 and TP-TATC12, respectively. Interestingly, the long-aliphatic-chain-substituted TP-TATC12 can gelate several nonpolar hydrocarbon solvents or polar aliphatic alcohol and ester solvents, because of strong intermolecular interactions. All these properties qualify this new type of discotic liquid crystals as potential hole transporting materials for electronic devices such as field-effect transistors, light-emitting diodes, and solar cells.

Columnar mesophases controlled by counterions in potassium complexes of dibenzo[18]crown-6 derivatives

Dibenzo[18]crown-6 derivatives 1 with two lateral tetraalkyloxy oterphenyl units were prepared and converted to the corresponding complexes KX·1 (X = halide, BF4, PF6, SCN) and NH4PF 6·1. Complexation was probed