21999-41-7

Upstream product

• 693-03-8 n-butyl magnesium bromide 
• 3376-24-7 (Z)-N-benzylidene-2-methylpropan-2-amine oxide 
• 68315-30-0 (Z)-N-benzylidene-2-methylpropan-2-amine oxide 
• 109-65-9 1-bromo-butane 
• 3376-24-7 N-tert-butyl-α-phenylnitrone 

Relevant academic research and scientific papers

Gold nanoparticle-initiated free radical oxidations and halogen abstractions

We report on the use of EPR spectroscopy and spin trapping technique to detect free radical intermediates formed in the presence of gold nanoparticles. Phosphine- and amine-protected gold nanoparticles were found to initiate air oxidation of organic subst

An ESR and HPLC-EC assay for the detection of alkyl radicals

The correlation of lipid peroxidation with release of alkanes (RH) is considered a noninvasive method for the in vivo evaluation of oxidative stress. The formation of RH is believed to reflect a lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH)-dependent generation of alkoxyl radicals (LO·) that undergo β-scission with release of alkyl radicals (R·). Alternatively, R· could be spin-trapped with a nitrone before the formation of RH and analyzed by ESR. Extracts from the liver and lung of CCl4- and asbestos-treated rats that were previously loaded with nitrones exhibited ESR spectra suggesting the formation of iso-propyl, n-butyl, ethyl, and pentyl radical-derived nitroxides. In biological systems, various nitroxides with indistinguishable ESR spectra could be formed. Hence, experiments with N-tert-butyl-α-phenylnitrone (PBN) for spin trapping of R· were carried out in which the nitroxides formed were separated and analyzed by HPLC with electrochemical detection (EC). The C1-5 homologous series of PBN nitroxides and hydroxylamines were synthesized, characterized by ESR, GC-MS, and HPLC-EC, and used as HPLC standards. For in vivo generation and spin trapping of R·, rats were loaded with CCl4 and PBN. The HPLC-EC chromatograms of liver extracts from CCl4-treated rats demonstrated the formation of both the nitroxide and hydroxylamine forms of PBN/·CCl3, as well as the formation of a series of unidentified PBN nitroxides and hydroxylamines. However, formation of PBN adducts with retention times similar to these of the PBN/C2-5 derivatives was not observed. In conclusion, we could not correlate the production of PBN-detectable alkyl radicals with the reported CCl4-dependent production of C1-5 alkanes. We speculate that the major reason for this is the low steady-state concentrations of R· produced because only a small fraction of LO· undergo β-scission to release R·.

Substituent Effects on ESR Parameters of α-Phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone Spin Adducts. Resolution Enhancement and Mass Spectrometry

The combination of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ESR spectrometry was used to isolate the free radicals produced by the reaction of a Grignard reagent with 15 substituted α-phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrones.Long-range hyperfine splitting con