22203-98-1

Usage

Uses

Used in Research and Scientific Studies:
5-chloro-N-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-benzamide is employed as a research chemical for the investigation of its chemical properties, interactions with biological systems, and potential applications in various fields. Its unique structure and functional groups make it a valuable tool for understanding molecular interactions and developing new methodologies in scientific research.
Used in Pharmaceutical Research:
In the pharmaceutical industry, 5-chloro-N-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-benzamide is used as a lead compound for the development of new drugs. Its ability to interact with specific receptors or enzymes may offer therapeutic benefits in treating various diseases and conditions. Further research is required to optimize its properties and evaluate its safety and efficacy as a potential drug candidate.
Used in Chemical Synthesis:
5-chloro-N-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-benzamide can be utilized as a starting material or intermediate in the synthesis of other chemical compounds. Its unique structure and functional groups make it a versatile building block for the creation of novel molecules with potential applications in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, materials science, and agrochemicals.
Used in Material Science:
In the field of material science, 5-chloro-N-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-benzamide may be explored for its potential use in the development of new materials with specific properties. Its chemical structure and functional groups could contribute to the creation of materials with unique characteristics, such as improved stability, enhanced reactivity, or novel optical, electronic, or mechanical properties.
Used in Environmental Research:
5-chloro-N-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-benzamide may also find applications in environmental research, where it can be used to study the behavior of pollutants, develop methods for their detection and removal, or understand their interactions with the environment and living organisms. Its chemical properties and potential reactivity with other compounds make it a valuable tool for environmental scientists.

InChI:InChI=1/C13H9Cl2NO2/c14-8-2-1-3-10(6-8)16-13(18)11-7-9(15)4-5-12(11)17/h1-7,17H,(H,16,18)

Upstream product

• 321-14-2 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 
• 108-42-9 3-chloro-aniline 

Downstream Products

• 905927-81-3 (S)-4-chloro-2-(3-chlorophenylcarbamoyl)phenyl 2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanoate 
• 1169776-43-5 (R)-4-chloro-2-(3-chlorophenylcarbamoyl)phenyl 2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-3-methylbutanoate 
• 1169776-41-3 (S)-4-chloro-2-(3-chlorophenylcarbamoyl)phenyl 2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-3-methylbutanoate 
• 1169776-46-8 (R)-4-chloro-2-(3-chlorophenylcarbamoyl)phenyl 2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanoate 
• 1206874-28-3 tert-butyl (S)-1-((2-(3-chlorophenylcarbamoyl)-4-chlorophenoxy)carbonyl)-2-methylpropylcarbamate 
• 1219818-62-8 4-chloro-2-(3-chlorophenylcarbamoyl)phenyl pentylcarbamate 
• 1219818-63-9 4-chloro-2-(3-chlorophenylcarbamoyl)phenyl hexylcarbamate 
• 1219818-64-0 4-chloro-2-(3-chlorophenylcarbamoyl)phenyl heptylcarbamate 
• 1219818-65-1 4-chloro-2-(3-chlorophenylcarbamoyl)phenyl octylcarbamate 
• 1219818-66-2 4-chloro-2-(3-chlorophenylcarbamoyl)phenyl nonylcarbamate 
• 1219818-67-3 4-chloro-2-(3-chlorophenylcarbamoyl)phenyl decylcarbamate 
• 1219818-68-4 4-chloro-2-(3-chlorophenylcarbamoyl)phenyl undecylcarbamate 
• 1219818-60-6 4-chloro-2-(3-chlorophenylcarbamoyl)phenyl ethylcarbamate 
• 1219818-61-7 4-chloro-2-(3-chlorophenylcarbamoyl)phenyl butylcarbamate 

Relevant academic research and scientific papers

Reversible small molecule inhibitors of MAO A and MAO B with anilide motifs

Background: Ligands consisting of two aryl moieties connected via a short spacer were shown to be potent inhibitors of monoamine oxidases (MAO) A and B, which are known as suitable targets in treatment of neurological diseases. Based on this general blueprint, we synthesized a series of 66 small aromatic amide derivatives as novel MAO A/B inhibitors. Methods: The compounds were synthesized, purified and structurally confirmed by spectroscopic methods. Fluorimetric enzymological assays were performed to determine MAO A/B inhibition properties. Mode and reversibility of inhibition was determined for the most potent MAO B inhibitor. Docking poses and pharmacophore models were generated to confirm the in vitro results. Results: N-(2,4-Dinitrophenyl)benzo[d][1,3]dioxole-5-carboxamide (55, ST-2043) was found to be a reversible competitive moderately selective MAO B inhibitor (IC50 = 56 nM, Ki = 6.3 nM), while N-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)benzamide (7, ST-2023) showed higher preference for MAO A (IC50 = 126 nM). Computational analysis confirmed in vitro binding properties, where the anilides examined possessed high surface complementarity to MAO A/B active sites. Conclusion: The small molecule anilides with different substitution patterns were identified as potent MAO A/B inhibitors, which were active in nanomolar concentrations ranges. These small and easily accessible molecules are promising motifs, especially for newly designed multitargeted ligands taking advantage of these fragments.

Discovery and Structure Relationships of Salicylanilide Derivatives as Potent, Non-acidic P2X1 Receptor Antagonists

Antagonists for the ATP-gated ion channel receptor P2X1 have potential as antithrombotics and for treating hyperactive bladder and inflammation. In this study, salicylanilide derivatives were synthesized based on a screening hit. P2X1 antagonistic potency was assessed in 1321N1 astrocytoma cells stably transfected with the human P2X1 receptor by measuring inhibition of the ATP-induced calcium influx. Structure-activity relationships were analyzed, and selectivity versus other P2X receptor subtypes was assessed. The most potent compounds, N-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzamide (1, IC50 0.0192 μM) and N-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-chloro-2-hydroxybenzamide (14, IC50 0.0231 μM), displayed >500-fold selectivity versus P2X2 and P2X3, and 10-fold selectivity versus P2X4 and P2X7 receptors, and inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation. They behaved as negative allosteric modulators, and molecular modeling studies suggested an extracellular binding site. Besides selective P2X1 antagonists, compounds with ancillary P2X4 and/or P2X7 receptor inhibition were discovered. These compounds represent the first potent, non-acidic, allosteric P2X1 receptor antagonists reported to date.

Structure–Function Studies on IMD-0354 Identifies Highly Active Colistin Adjuvants

Infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, particularly Gram-negative bacteria, are an escalating global health threat. Often clinicians are forced to administer the last-resort antibiotic colistin; however, colistin resistance is becoming increasingly prevalent, giving rise to the potential for a situation in which there are no treatment options for MDR Gram-negative infections. The development of adjuvants that circumvent bacterial resistance mechanisms is a promising orthogonal approach to the development of new antibiotics. We recently disclosed that the known IKK-β inhibitor IMD-0354 potently suppresses colistin resistance in several Gram-negative strains. In this study, we explore the structure–activity relationship (SAR) between the IMD-0354 scaffold and colistin resistance suppression, and identify several compounds with more potent activity than the parent against highly colistin-resistant strains of Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

2-Hydroxy-N-Phenylbenzamides and their esters inhibit acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase

The development of novel inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) represents a viable approach to alleviate Alzheimer’s disease. Thirty-six halogenated 2-hydroxy-N-phenylbenzamides (salicylanilides) with various substitution patterns and their esters with phosphorus-based acids were synthesized in yields of 72% to 92% and characterized. They were evaluated for in vitro inhibition of AChE from electric eel and BuChE from equine serum using modified Ellman’s spectrophotometric method. The benzamides exhibited a moderate inhibition of AChE with IC50 values in a narrow concentration range from 33.1 to 85.8 μM. IC50 values for BuChE were higher (53.5–228.4 μM). The majority of derivatives inhibit AChE more efficiently than BuChE and are comparable or superior to rivastigmine—an established cholinesterases inhibitor used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Phosphorus-based esters especially improved the activity against BuChE with 5-chloro-2-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbamoyl}phenyl diethyl phosphite 5c superiority (IC50 = 2.4 μM). This derivative was also the most selective inhibitor of BuChE. It caused a mixed inhibition of both cholinesterases and acted as a pseudo-irreversible inhibitor. Several structure-activity relationships were identified, e.g., favouring esters and benzamides obtained from 5-halogenosalicylic acids and polyhalogenated anilines. Both 2-hydroxy-N-phenylbenzamides and esters share convenient physicochemical properties for blood-brain-barrier penetration and thus central nervous system delivery.

Salicylanilide diethyl phosphates as cholinesterases inhibitors

Based on the presence of dialkyl phosphate moiety, we evaluated twenty-seven salicylanilide diethyl phosphates (diethyl [2-(phenylcarbamoyl)phenyl] phosphates) for the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) from electric eel (Electrophorus electricus L.) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) from equine serum. Ellman's spectrophotometric method was used. The inhibitory activity (expressed as IC50 values) was compared with that of the established drugs galantamine and rivastigmine. Salicylanilide diethyl phosphates showed significant activity against both cholinesterases with IC50 values from 0.903 to 86.3 μM. IC50s for BChE were comparatively lower than those obtained for AChE. All of the investigated compounds showed higher inhibition of AChE than rivastigmine, and six of them inhibited BChE more effectively than both rivastigmine and galantamine. In general, derivatives of 4-chlorosalicylic acid showed enhanced activity when compared to derivatives of 5-halogenated salicylic acids, especially against BChE. The most effective inhibitor of AChE was O-{5-chloro-2-[(3-bromophenyl)carbamoyl]phenyl} O,O-diethyl phosphate with IC50 of 35.4 μM, which is also one of the most potent inhibitors of BChE. O-{5-Chloro-2-[(3,4-dichlorophenyl)carbamoyl]phenyl} O,O-diethyl phosphate exhibited in vitro the strongest inhibition of BChE (0.90 μM). Salicylanilide diethyl phosphates act as pseudo-irreversible cholinesterases inhibitors.

Structure-activity studies of Wnt/β-catenin inhibition in the Niclosamide chemotype: Identification of derivatives with improved drug exposure

The Wnt signaling pathway plays a key role in regulation of organ development and tissue homeostasis. Dysregulated Wnt activity is one of the major underlying mechanisms responsible for many diseases including cancer. We previously reported the FDA-approved anthelmintic drug Niclosamide inhibits Wnt/β-catenin signaling and suppresses colon cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Niclosamide is a multi-functional drug that possesses important biological activity in addition to inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Here, we studied the SAR of Wnt signaling inhibition in the anilide and salicylamide region of Niclosamide. We found that the 4′-nitro substituent can be effectively replaced by trifluoromethyl or chlorine and that the potency of inhibition was dependent on the substitution pattern in the anilide ring. Non-anilide, N-methyl amides and reverse amide derivatives lost significant potency, while acylated salicylamide derivatives inhibited signaling with potency similar to non-acyl derivatives. Niclosamide's low systemic exposure when dosed orally may hinder its use to treat systemic disease. To overcome this limitation we identified an acyl derivative of Niclosamide, DK-520 (compound 32), that significantly increased both the plasma concentration and the duration of exposure of Niclosamide when dosed orally. The studies herein provide a medicinal chemical foundation to improve the pharmacokinetic exposure of Niclosamide and Wnt-signaling inhibitors based on the Niclosamide chemotype. The identification of novel derivatives of Niclosamide that metabolize to Niclosamide and increase its drug exposure may provide important research tools for in vivo studies and provide drug candidates for treating cancers with dysregulated Wnt signaling including drug-resistant cancers. Moreover, since Niclosamide is a multi-functional drug, new research tools such as DK520 could directly result in novel treatments against bacterial and viral infection, lupus, and metabolic diseases such as type II diabetes, NASH and NAFLD.

Diethyl 2-(phenylcarbamoyl)phenyl phosphorothioates: Synthesis, antimycobacterial activity and cholinesterase inhibition

A new series of 27 diethyl 2-(phenylcarbamoyl)phenyl phosphorothioates (thiophosphates) was synthesized, characterized by NMR, IR and CHN analyses and evaluated against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, Mycobacterium avium and two strains of Mycobacterium kansasii. The best activity against M. tuberculosis was found for O-{4-bromo-2-[(3,4-dichlorophenyl)carbamoyl]phenyl} O,O-diethyl phosphorothioate (minimum inhibitory concentration of 4 iM). The highest activity against nontuberculous mycobacteria was exhibited by O-(5-chloro-2-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbamoyl}- phenyl) O,O-diethyl phosphorothioate with MIC values from 16 iM. Prepared thiophosphates were also evaluated against acetylcholinesterase from electric eel and butyrylcholinesterase from equine serum. Their inhibitory activity was compared to that of the known cholinesterases inhibitors galanthamine and rivastigmine. All tested compounds showed a higher (for AChE inhibition) and comparable (for BChE inhibition) activity to that of rivastigmine, with IC50s within the 8.04 to 20.2 iM range.

Salicylanilide diethyl phosphates: Synthesis, antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity

A series of 27 salicylanilide diethyl phosphates was prepared as a part of our on-going search for new antimicrobial active drugs. All compounds exhibited in vitro activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium kansasii and Mycobacterium avium strains, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 0.5-62.5 μmol/L. Selected salicylanilide diethyl phosphates also inhibit multidrug-resistant tuberculous strains at the concentration of 1 μmol/L. Salicylanilide diethyl phosphates also exhibited mostly the activity against Gram-positive bacteria (MICs ≥1.95 μmol/L), whereas their antifungal activity is significantly lower. The IC50 values for Hep G2 cells were within the range of 1.56-33.82 μmol/L, but there is no direct correlation with MICs for mycobacteria.

Antibacterial activity of salicylanilide 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoates

The development of novel antimicrobial agents represents a timely research topic. Eighteen salicylanilide 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoates were evaluated against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. avium and M. kansasii, eight bacterial strains including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and for the inhibition of mycobacterial isocitrate lyase. Some compounds were further screened against drug-resistant M. tuberculosis and for their cytotoxicity. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for all mycobacterial strains were within 0.5-32 μmol/L, with 4-chloro-2-[4- (trifluoromethyl)phenylcarbamoyl] phenyl 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoate superiority. Grampositive bacteria including MRSA were inhibited with MICs ≥ 0.49 μmol/L, while Gramnegative ones were much less susceptible. Salicylanilide 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoates showed significant antibacterial properties, for many strains being comparable to standard drugs (isoniazid, benzylpenicillin) with no cross-resistance. All esters showed mild inhibition of mycobacterial isocitrate lyase and four compounds were comparable to 3-nitropropionic acid without a direct correlation between in vitro MICs and enzyme inhibition.

Antifungal activity of salicylanilides and their esters with 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid

Searching for novel antimicrobial agents still represents a current topic in medicinal chemistry. In this study, the synthesis and analytical data of eighteen salicylanilide esters with 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid are presented. They were assayed in vitro as potential antimycotic agents against eight fungal strains, along with their parent salicylanilides. The antifungal activity of the presented derivatives was not uniform and moulds showed a higher susceptibility with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ≥ 0.49 μmol/L than yeasts (MIC ≥ 1.95 μmol/L). However, it was not possible to evaluate a range of 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoates due to their low solubility. In general, the most active salicylanilide was N-(4-bromophenyl)-4-chloro-2- hydroxybenzamide and among esters, the corresponding 2-(4-bromophenylcarbamoyl)- 5-chlorophenyl 4-(trifluoromethyl) benzoate exhibited the lowest MIC of 0.49 μmol/L. However, the esterification of salicylanilides by 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid did not result unequivocally in a higher antifungal potency.