26163-39-3

Usage

Uses

Used in Recreational Drug Industry:
3-CMC is used as a recreational drug for its stimulant and entactogenic effects. It is often sought after for its ability to produce euphoria, increased sociability, and heightened sensory perception. However, due to its potential for abuse and addiction, as well as its potential for adverse health effects, the use and sale of 3-CMC is regulated in many countries.

Upstream product

• 110-89-4 piperidine 
• 535-80-8 3-chlorobenzoate 
• 37156-42-6 4-nitrophenyl 3-chlorobenzoate 
• 1346749-76-5 C₁₃H₈ClNO₃S 
• 2156-71-0 N-chloropiperidine 
• 873-63-2 m-chlorobenzyl alcohol 
• 587-04-2 m-Chlorobenzaldehyde 
• 2591-86-8 N-Formylpiperidine 
• 63503-60-6 3-chlorophenylboronic acid 
• 201230-82-2 carbon monoxide 
• 625-99-0 3-iodochlorobenzene 
• 100-02-7 4-nitro-phenol 
• 618-46-2 m-Chlorobenzoyl chloride 

Downstream Products

• 221211-81-0 1-(3-chlorobenzyl)piperidine 

Relevant academic research and scientific papers

Towards a sustainable synthesis of amides: chemoselective palladium-catalysed aminocarbonylation of aryl iodides in deep eutectic solvents

A palladium-catalysed aminocarbonylation of (hetero)aryl iodides has, for the first time, been accomplished in deep eutectic solvents as environmentally benign and recyclable media, under mild conditions. The reactions proceeded with a good substrate scope, and a variety of amides have been synthesized in yields up to 98%.

Copper-Catalyzed Carbonylative Cross-Coupling of Arylboronic Acids with N-Chloroamines for the Synthesis of Aryl Amides

A novel copper-catalyzed carbonylative cross-coupling between N-chloroamines and arylboronics acids has been developed. With copper(I) oxide as the catalyst, various desired amide compounds were produced in moderate to good yields. Functional groups such as iodide and alkene are tolerated. Notably, this is the first example of a copper-catalyzed aminocarbonylation with N-chloroamines.

Copper-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Amidation of Benzyl Alcohols

A Cu-catalyzed synthesis of amides from alcohols and secondary amines using the oxygen in air as the terminal oxidant has been developed. The methodology is operationally simple requiring no high pressure equipment or handling of pure oxygen. The commercially available, nonprecious metal catalyst, Cu(phen)Cl2, in conjunction with di-tert-butyl hydrazine dicarboxylate and an inorganic base provides a variety of benzamides in moderate to excellent yields. The pKa of amine conjugate acid and electronics of alcohol were shown to impact the selection of base for optimal reactivity. A mechanism consistent with the observed reactivity trends, KIE, and Hammett study is proposed.

Metal–Organic Framework Based on Copper and Carboxylate-Imidazole as Robust and Effective Catalyst in the Oxidative Amidation of Carboxylic Acids and Formamides

A metal–organic framework (MOF) based on copper and 1,3-bis(carboxymethyl)imidazole (bcmim) was prepared on a gram scale by using a precipitation method at room temperature. The Cu(bcmim)2MOF was shown to be an efficient catalyst for the preparation of amides through an oxidative coupling between carboxylic acids and formamides in the presence of an oxidant, such as tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP). The method for the preparation of the amides is robust regardless of the carboxylic acid and gives good conversions with good selectivity. The heterogeneous catalyst was recovered unaltered after the reaction, was easily separated from the reaction mixture, and subsequently reactivated by suitable treatment. Moreover, the coupling reaction was scaled up to a gram scale, which allowed for the preparation of valuable products, such as fatty acid amides (i.e., 1-palmitoylpiperidine).

Kinetic study on aminolysis of y-substituted-phenyl x-substituted- benzoates: Effects of substituents x and y on reactivity and reaction mechanism

A kinetic study on aminolysis of 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl X-substituted-benzoates (2a-k) in 80 mol % H2O/20 mol % DMSO at 25.0 oC is reported. The Bronsted-type plot for the reactions of 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl benzoate (2g) with a series of cyclic secondary amines curves downward (e.g., β1 = 0.25, β2 = 0.85 and pKa o = 10.3), which is typical of reactions reported to proceed through a stepwise mechanism with a change in ratedetermining step (RDS). The Hammett plot for the reactions of 2a-k with piperidine consists of two intersecting straight lines, while the corresponding Yukawa-Tsuno plot exhibits an excellent linear correlation with ρX = 1.15 and r = 0.59. Thus, it has been concluded that the nonlinear Hammett plot is not due to a change in RDS but is caused by stabilization of substrates through resonance interactions between the electron-donating substituent and the C=O bond. Substrates possessing a substituent at the 2-position of the leaving aryloxide deviate negatively from the curved Bronsted-type plot for the reactions of Y-substituted-phenyl benzoates (3ai), implying that the steric hindrance exerted by the substituent at the 2-position is an important factor which governs the reactivity of Y-substituted-phenyl benzoates.

Kinetic study on aminolysis of 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl x-substituted-benzoates in acetonitrile and in H2O Containing 20mol% DMSO: Effects of medium and substituent X on reactivity and reaction mechanism

Second-order rate constants for reactions of 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl X-substituted-benzoates 1a-1j with a series of cyclic secondary amines in MeCN have been measured. Comparison of the kinetic results with those reported previously for the corresponding reactions carried out in H2O containing 20 mol % DMSO has revealed that amines are less reactive in MeCN. The Bronsted-type plot for the aminolysis of 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl benzoate (1f) in MeCN is linear with βnuc= 0.64, which is in contrast to the curved Bronsted-type plot reported for the reaction performed in the H2O-DMSO misxture. The Hammett plot for the reactions of 1a-1j with piperidine consists of two intersecting straight lines while the Yukawa-Tsuno plot exhibits an excellent linear correlation with ρX= 1.22 and r = 0.60, indicating that the nonlinear Hammett plot is not due to a change in rate-determining step but is caused by stabilization of substrates possessing an electron-donating substituent through resonance interactions between the substituent and the carbonyl functionality. It has been concluded that medium change from the H2O-DMSO mixture to MeCN forces the aminolysis of 1a-1j to proceed through a concerted mechanism by destabilizing the zwitterionic tetrahedral intermediate (T±).

Catalytic bio-chemo and bio-bio tandem oxidation reactions for amide and carboxylic acid synthesis

A catalytic toolbox for three different water-based one-pot cascades to convert aryl alcohols to amides and acids and cyclic amines to lactams, involving combination of oxidative enzymes (monoamine oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, galactose oxidase and laccase) and chemical oxidants (TBHP or CuI(cat)/H2O2) at mild temperatures, is presented. Mutually compatible conditions were found to afford products in good to excellent yields. This journal is

Iron-catalysed oxidative amidation of alcohols with amines

A new iron-catalysed oxidative amidation of differently substituted benzylic alcohols with mono- and di-substituted amines was developed. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013.

Aminolysis of Y-substituted-phenyl 2-methoxybenzoates in acetonitrile: Effect of the o-methoxy group on reactivity and reaction mechanism

Second-order rate constants (kN) were measured for aminolyses of Y-substituted-phenyl 2-methoxybenzoates 2a-i and 4-nitrophenyl X-substituted-benzoates 3a-j in MeCN at 25.0 °C. The Bronsted-type plot for the reactions of 2a-i with piperidine curves downward, indicating that a change in rate-determining step (RDS) occurs. The Hammett plot for the reactions of 3a-j with piperidine consists of two intersecting straight lines, which might be taken as evidence for a change in RDS. However, the nonlinear Hammett plot has been suggested not to be due to a change in RDS but rather to the stabilization of the ground state of substrates possessing an electron-donating group (EDG) (e.g., 3a-c) through a resonance interaction, since the corresponding Yukawa-Tsuno plot exhibits an excellent linear correlation with ρ = 0.54 and r = 1.54. The ρ value found for the reactions of 3a-j in MeCN is much smaller than that reported previously for the corresponding reactions in H2O (i.e., ρ = 0.75). It is proposed that the reactions of 3a-j in MeCN proceed through a forced concerted mechanism due to instability of T± in the aprotic solvent, while the reactions of 2a-i proceed through a stepwise pathway with a stabilized T ± through an intramolecular H-bonding interaction.

Aminolysis of S-4-nitrophenyl X-substituted thiobenzoates: Effect of nonleaving-group substituents on reactivity and mechanism

A kinetic study is reported for aminolysis of S-4-nitrophenyl X-substituted thiobenzoates 3a-g in 80 mol % H2O/20 mol % DMSO at 25.0 ± 0.1 °C. Thiol esters 3a-g are 7.8-47.6 fold more reactive than the corresponding oxygen esters (i.e., 4-nitrophenyl X-substituted benzoates 1a-g). Such reactivity order appears to be in accordance with the expectation that 4-nitrothiophenoxide in 3a-g is a better nucleofuge than 4-nitrophenoxide in 1a-g since the former is 2.64 pKa units less basic than the latter. Hammett plot for the reactions of 3a-g exhibit poor correlation coefficients (R2 = 0.977-0.986) with negative deviation by substrates possessing an electrondonating group (EDG), while the Yukawa-Tsuno plots result in excellent linear correlation (R2 = 0.995-0.997) with ? = 0.93-1.23 and r = 0.57-0.67, indicating that the negative deviation shown by substrates possessing an EDG is caused by ground-state stabilization through resonance interactions but not due to a change in ratedetermining step upon changing the nonleaving-group substituent X. The p value increases as the incoming amine becomes more basic and more reactive, indicating that the RSP is not operative in the current reactions.