2787-01-1Relevant articles and documents
NOVEL GEMINI SURFACTANTS AND THEIR USE
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Paragraph 0114; 0115, (2015/06/18)
Disclosed herein are gemini surfactants, and methods for making and using these gemini surfactants. These gemini surfactants may be incorporated in paints and coatings to provide hydrophilic and/or self-cleaning properties. Surfactants are compounds composed of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic or lipophilic groups. In view of their dual hydrophilic and hydrophobic nature, surfactants tend to concentrate at the interfaces of aqueous mixtures; the hydrophilic part of the surfactant orients itself towards the aqueous phase and the hydrophobic part orients itself away from the aqueous phase.
Canonical Chemical Theories Exemplified by the Mehtylolation of Urea and Melamine
Gebregiorgis, Taddesse,Gordon, Manfred
, p. 359 - 382 (2007/10/02)
Old and recent data on equilibria and kinetics of methylolation of urea and melamine are analysed.The theoretical framework affords a sequence, claimed to be canonical of successive phenomenological approximations.The theory, expounded earlier, begin with two successive schemes whose essentials go back to early work by Pauling and by Flory.The two stages here suffice to show that all the data from eight laboratories, covering the six-membered family of methylol ureas and rhe ten-membered family of methylol melamines, are in quantitative agreement, a circumstance unsespected by other workers in the field.The statisticalthermodynamic and kinetic principles involved are therefore expounded in more detail than before.Using them, very small substituent effects (e.g O.35 kJ kol-1 are deduced with high significance and accuracy.Owing largly to the recent measurement by Tomita, the methylol melamines are claimed currently to be the thermdinamically best characterised family in the chemical literature.A challenge arises for theoretical chemists to test quantum-theoreticaltechniques against the measured energetics of substituent effects in this family, and to exploit for other families the graph-theoretical analysis of molecular additivity which underlies the approximation schemes, which already well tested.
