27926-72-3

Usage

Uses

Used in Chemical Synthesis:
4,4'-Dipyridyl Dihydrochloride is used as a chemical intermediate for the synthesis of various organic compounds, including pharmaceuticals, dyes, and other specialty chemicals. Its unique structure allows for versatile reactions and modifications, making it a valuable building block in the chemical industry.
Used in Analytical Chemistry:
In analytical chemistry, 4,4'-Dipyridyl Dihydrochloride is employed as a colorimetric reagent for the detection and quantification of metal ions, particularly copper(II) ions. The compound forms a stable complex with copper ions, resulting in a distinct color change that can be measured spectrophotometrically.
Used in Pharmaceutical Industry:
4,4'-Dipyridyl Dihydrochloride is used as an active pharmaceutical ingredient in the development of drugs targeting various medical conditions. Its ability to chelate metal ions makes it a potential candidate for the treatment of metal poisoning or as a component in drug formulations that require metal ion sequestration.
Used in Manufacturing of Nitrogen-containing Carbon Alloy:
4,4'-Dipyridyl Dihydrochloride is used in the manufacturing of nitrogen-containing carbon alloys with high oxygen-reduction activity for fuel-cell catalysts. Its incorporation into the alloy enhances the electrochemical performance and stability of the catalyst, making it more efficient for energy conversion in fuel cells.

Purification Methods

Purify viologen by precipitation on adding excess of acetone to a concentrated solution of it in aqueous MeOH. It has also been recrystallised several times from MeOH or iso-propanol and dried at 70o under vacuum for 24hours [Prasad et al. J Am Chem Soc 108 5135 1986], and recrystallised three times from MeOH/isopropanol [Stramel & Thomas J Chem Soc, Faraday Trans 82 799 1986, Michaelis & Hill J Am Chem Soc 55 1481 1933, Tilford et al. J Am Chem Soc 70 4005 1948]. [Beilstein 23 I 49.]

Upstream product

• 553-26-4 4,4'-bipyridine 

Relevant academic research and scientific papers

Systematics in NH+...N-bonded monosalts of 4,4′-bipyridine (44′biPy) with mineral acids

Despite significantly different crystal symmetry and packing, the crystal structures of NH+...N hydrogen-bonded salts of 4,4′-bipyridine (44′biPy) with mineral acids HA = HCl, HBr, HI, HClO4, HBF4 and H2SiF6 exhibit close analogies in the hydration, aggregation of the cations and their twisted conformation, as well as proton disordering. All monosalts have been synthesized and, at normal conditions, form crystals of general formula [44′biPyH]+A-·xH2O (x = 0.5, 1, or 2), and [44′biPyH]+2SiF6 2-·5H2O. In the structures, the 44′biPyH + cations are NH+...N bonded into linear chains, and in most [44′biPyH]+A-·xH2O crystals the protons are disordered, similarly as in anisotropic relaxors 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane hydroiodide and hydrobromide (dabcoHI and dabcoHBr, respectively). The proton disorder implies generation of point defects of neutral 44′biPy molecules and [44′biPyH2] 2+ dications in all these structures. In all [44′biPyH] +A- structures investigated, the acid anions are hydrogen bonded to water molecules and interact with pyridine hydrogen atoms. Two polymorphs of [44′biPyH]+I-·H2O differ in color: the orthorhombic polymorph α is yellow, and the triclinic polymorph β is orange.

Complexation of 2,6-helic[6]arene and its derivatives with 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium salts and protonated 4,4'-bipyridinium salts: An acid-base controllable complexation

2,6-Helic[6]arene and its derivatives were synthesized, and their complexation with 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium and protonated 4,4'-bipyridinium salts were investigated in detail. It was found that the helic[6]arene and its derivatives could all form 1:1 complexes with both 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium salts and protonated 4,4'-bipyridinium salts in solution and in the solid state. Especially, the helic[6]arene and its derivatives containing 2-hydroxyethoxy or 2-methoxyethoxy groups exhibited stronger complexation with the guests than the other helic[6]arene derivatives for the additional multiple hydrogen bonding interactions between the hosts and the guests, which were evidenced by 1H NMR titrations, X-ray crystal structures and DFT calculations. Moreover, it was also found that the association constants (Ka) of the complexes could be significantly enhanced with larger counteranions of the guests and in less polar solvents. Furthermore, the switchable complexation between the helic[6]arene and protonated 4,4'-bipyridinium salt could be efficiently controlled by acids and bases.