34505-58-3Relevant articles and documents
An interesting benzyne-mediated annulation leading to benzo[a]pyrene
Cobas, Agustin,Guitian, Enrique,Castedo
, p. 4896 - 4897 (1997)
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Emissions of air pollutants from household stoves: Honeycomb coal versus coal cake
Ge, Su,Xu, Xu,Chow, Judith C.,Watson, John,Sheng, Qing,Liu, Weili,Bai, Zhipeng,Zhu, Tan,Zhang, Junfeng
, p. 4612 - 4618 (2004)
Domestic coal combustion can emit various air pollutants. In the present study, we measured emissions of particulate matter (PM) and gaseous pollutants from burning a specially formulated honeycomb coal (H-coal) and a coal cake (C-coal). Flue gas samples for PM2.5, PM coarse (PM 2.5-10), and TSP were collected isokinetically using a cascade impactor; PM mass concentrations were determined gravimetrically. Concentrations of SO2, NOx, and ionic Cr(VI) in PM were analyzed using spectrometric methods. Fluoride concentrations were measured using a specific ion electrode method. PM elemental components were analyzed using an X-ray fluorescence technique. Total (gas and particle phase) benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) concentration was determined using an HPLC/fluorescence method. Elemental and organic carbon contents of PM were analyzed using a thermal/optical reflectance technique. The compositional and structural differences between the H-coal and C-coal resulted in different emission characteristics. In generating 1 MJ of delivered energy, the H-coal resulted in a significant reduction in emissions of SO2 (by 68%), NOx (by 47%), and TSP (by 56%) as compared to the C-coal, whereas the emissions of PM2.5 and total BaP from the H-coal combustion were 2-3-fold higher, indicating that improvements are needed to further reduce emissions of these pollutants in developing future honeycomb coals. Although the H-coal and the C-coal had similar emission factors for gas-phase fluoride, the H-coal had a particle-phase fluoride emission factor that was only half that of the C-coal. The H-coal had lower energy-based emissions of all the measured toxic elements in TSP but higher emissions of Cd and Ni in PM2.5.
Bismuth-catalyzed synthesis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with a phenanthrene backbone via cyclization and aromatization of 2-(2-arylphenyl)vinyl ethers
Murai, Masahito,Hosokawa, Naoki,Roy, David,Takai, Kazuhiko
supporting information, p. 4134 - 4137 (2014/09/30)
The reaction of 2-(2-arylphenyl)vinyl ethers in the presence of a catalytic amount of bismuth(III) triflate gave substituted phenanthrenes in excellent yields under mild reaction conditions. The reaction was also applied to the construction of other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), such as chrysene, helicene, and pyrene having a phenanthrene backbone, via regioselective cyclization. This method has the advantages of easy availability of the cyclization precursors, operational simplicity, and high reaction efficiency.
Role of temperature and hydrochloric acid on the formation of chlorinated hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during combustion of paraffin powder, polymers, and newspaper
Takasuga, Takumi,Umetsu, Norihito,Makino, Tetsuya,Tsubota, Katsuya,Sajwan, Kenneth S.,Kumar, Kurunthachalam Senthil
, p. 8 - 21 (2008/02/09)
Formation of chlorinated hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined using a laboratory-scale incinerator when combusting materials at different temperatures, different concentrations of hydrochloric acid (HCl), and when combusting various types of polymers/newspaper. Polychlorobenzenes (PCBz), polychlorophenols (PCPhs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) and their toxic equivalency (TEQ) and PAHs were highlighted and reported. Our results imply maximum formation of chlorinated hydrocarbons at 400°C in the following order; PCBz≥PCPhs?PCDFs>PCDDs>TEQ on a parts-per-billion level. Similarly, a maximum concentration of chlorinated hydrocarbons was noticed with an HCl concentration at 1000 ppm with the presence of paraffin powder in the following order; PAHs>PCBz≥PCPhs?PCDFs>PCDDs>TEQ an a parts-per-billion level. PAHs were not measured at different temperatures. Elevated PAHs were noticed with different HCl concentrations and paraffin powder combustion (range: 27-32 μg/g). While, different polymers and newspaper combusted, nylon and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) produced the maximum hydrogen cyanide (HCN) concentration, concentrations of PCDD/FS, dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs), and TEQ were in a decreasing order: polyvinylchloride (PVC)newspaperpolyethyleneterephthalate (PET) polyethylene (PE) polypropylene (PP) ABS = blank. Precursors of PCBs were in a decreasing order: PPnylonPEnewspaperABSPVCblankPET. Precursors of PCDD/Fs were in a decreasing order: newspaper PP= nylonPEABSPVC= blankPET. BTX formation was in a decreasing order; PEnylonnewspaperABSPP. PAHs formation were elevated with parts-per-million levels in the decreasing order of PPnylonPE newspaperblankABS PETPVC.
