3454-07-7

Usage

Uses

Used in Environmental Monitoring:
4-Ethylstyrene is used as a marker for [detecting the presence of pollutants] in [the process of pyrolysis and combustion of waste lubricant oil from diesel cars]. Its identification in environmental samples can help assess the extent of pollution and the effectiveness of emission control measures.
Used in Chemical Research:
4-Ethylstyrene can be used as a research compound for [studying the chemical reactions and properties] of [aromatic compounds with vinyl groups]. Understanding its reactivity and behavior in different conditions can provide insights into the formation and degradation mechanisms of similar pollutants.
Used in Industrial Processes:
Although primarily recognized as a pollutant, 4-Ethylstyrene may also find application in [industrial processes involving the production and use of lubricant oils] for [improving the efficiency and reducing the environmental impact of these processes]. This could involve the development of new additives or modifications to existing processes to minimize the formation of 4-Ethylstyrene and other pollutants.
Used in Automotive Industry:
In the automotive industry, 4-Ethylstyrene can be used as a [catalyst or intermediate] in [the production of more environmentally friendly lubricants] for diesel cars. By understanding its formation and reactivity, chemists can develop strategies to reduce its emission and improve the overall sustainability of the automotive industry.

InChI:InChI=1/C10H12/c1-3-9-5-7-10(4-2)8-6-9/h3,5-8H,1,4H2,2H3

Upstream product

• 22545-13-7 2-(4'-ethylphenyl)ethanol 
• 36262-33-6 dispiro<2.2.2.2>deca-4,9-diene 
• 40307-11-7 1-ethyl-4-ethynylbenzene 
• 1779-49-3 Methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide 
• 4748-78-1 4-ethylbenzylaldehyde 
• 105-05-5 1,4-diethylbenzene 
• 937-30-4 4-ethylacetophenone 
• 100-41-4 ethylbenzene 
• 41138-71-0 spiro<5.7>tetradeca-1,4-dien-3-one 
• 10224-91-6 1,1-bis-(4-ethyl-phenyl)-ethane 
• 87482-34-6 3-ethylidenespiro<5.5>undeca-1,4-diene 
• 87482-33-5 3-methylenespiro<5.5>undeca-1.4-diene 
• 87482-38-0 dispiro<2.2.5.2>trideca-4,12-diene 
• 116059-93-9 dispiro<2.2.6.2>tetradeca-4,13-diene 

Downstream Products

• 104037-22-1 [1-(4-ethyl-phenyl)-vinyl]-methyl ether 
• 141794-91-4 (1R,2S)-2-(4-Ethyl-phenyl)-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid ethyl ester 
• 141794-91-4 (1S,2S)-2-(4-Ethyl-phenyl)-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid ethyl ester 
• 64740-36-9 3-(4-ethyl-phenyl)-propionic acid 
• 169272-14-4 (+/-)-2-(4-ethylphenyl)oxirane 
• 4748-78-1 4-ethylbenzylaldehyde 

Relevant academic research and scientific papers

Ultrasmall and Stable Pd and Pt Nanoparticles Within Zeolite HY Through Impregnated Method with Enhanced Semihydrogenation Selectivity

In this study, with zeolite HY as support, ultrasmall Pd and Pt nanoparticles were successfully immobilized into zeolite HY crystals through an optimized impregnation approach. The success of this new approach mainly relied on the selecting appropriate metal precursor to make Pd and Pt element exists with the cation forms, which can facilitate their diffusion into inner channels of zeolite HY through electrostatic attraction and capillary force. Integration of confinement effect of zeolite HY, taking zeolite HY (Si/Al = 3) encapsulation of ultrasmall Pd NPs (Pd@HY-3) as an instance, Pd@HY-3 catalyst exhibited enhanced catalytic selectivity in semihydrogenation of alkynes, in comparison with Pd/HY, Pd/C, Pd/Al2O3 and lindlar catalysts. This improved catalytic selectivity can be attributed to the constrained upright adsorption conformation of reactant alkyne and corresponding product alkene on encapsulated Pd surface to make alkyne adsorption on Pd surface with larger adsorption energy than that of alkene, thus achieving the high catalytic selectivity. Graphic Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]

Controlling the Lewis Acidity and Polymerizing Effectively Prevent Frustrated Lewis Pairs from Deactivation in the Hydrogenation of Terminal Alkynes

Two strategies were reported to prevent the deactivation of Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) in the hydrogenation of terminal alkynes: reducing the Lewis acidity and polymerizing the Lewis acid. A polymeric Lewis acid (P-BPh3) with high stability was designed and synthesized. Excellent conversion (up to 99%) and selectivity can be achieved in the hydrogenation of terminal alkynes catalyzed by P-BPh3. This catalytic system works quite well for different substrates. In addition, the P-BPh3 can be easily recycled.

Phenylacetylene semihydrogenation over a palladium pyrazolate hydrogen-bonded network

The palladium azolate/carboxylate network (Pd-dmpzc) catalyses the selective hydrogenation of phenylacetylene to styrene in water. Under optimised conditions, at a Pd:NaBH4 ratio of 1:100 at 40 °C, Pd-dmpzc provided much better results than Pd(OAc)2 or PdCl2(CH3CN)2. Analysis of the recovered catalyst revealed the presence of different Pd2+ species and Pd0 NPs which contributed in the catalytic reaction.

Phosphorus and nitrogen-doped palladium nanomaterials support on coral-like carbon materials as the catalyst for semi-hydrogenation of phenylacetylene and mechanism study

In this work, two types of polyporous and coral-like materials (CN) with high specific surface area are prepared using sodium glutamate as a carrier. At the same time, a CN-supported phosphorus-nitrogen-doped palladium nanomaterial CN-P-Pd is synthesized and applied to the preparation of styrene by selective hydrogenation of phenylacetylene under mild conditions. As shown in the TEM images, Pd nanoparticles with a particle size of about 4.4 nm are uniformly dispersed on the surface of the carrier. The results of N2 adsorption–desorption reveal that the surface area of the prepared catalyst (CN-P-Pd) is 1307 m2g?1. In addition, the experimental exploration shows the intervention of P in carbon-nitrogen materials can contribute to improve the selectivity of the reaction, which can be attributed to the fact that P element can change the electron density of Pd. Meanwhile, it is found that the solvent not only affects the activity of catalyst, but also the selectivity of the reaction. Kinetic study shows the activation energy of the reaction is 4.5 kJ/mol. With the increase of the reaction temperature, the dissolution rate of hydrogen in the solvent gradually slows down, which inhibits the progress of the reduction reaction. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that the carbon-nitrogen materials have strong adsorption capacity for substrates, and also provide more adsorption sites for phenylacetylene. Additionally, the optimal catalyst (CN-P-Pd) also has high reaction activity to other alkynes and the conversion can reach at 95%. Moreover, the optimal catalyst can be reused several times without significant reduction in reaction activity.

Seed-mediated Growth of Alloyed Ag-Pd Shells toward Alkyne Semi-hydrogenation Reactions under Mild Conditions?

Ag@Ag-Pdx core-shell nanocomposites with various Ag/Pd ratio were deposited on Ag nanoplates using a seed growth method. When physically loaded on C3N4, Ag@Ag-Pd0.077/C3N4 with optimized Ag/Pd ratio could accomplish high catalytic performance for the semi-hydrogenation of phenylacetylene as well as other aliphatic (both terminal and internal alkynes) alkynes and phenylcycloalkynes containing functional groups (such as ester, hydroxyl, ethyl groups) under room temperature and 1 atm H2. The alloying and ensemble effects are used to interpret such catalytic performance.

Design, synthesis of novel 4,5-dihydroisoxazole-containing benzamide derivatives as highly potent FtsZ inhibitors capable of killing a variety of MDR Staphylococcus aureus

Antibiotic resistance among clinically significant bacterial pathogens, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) is becoming a prevalent threat to public health, and new antibacterial agents with novel mechanisms of action hence are in an urgent need. As a part of continuing effort to develop antibacterial agents, we rationally designed and synthesized two series of 4,5-dihydroisoxazol-5-yl and 4,5-dihydroisoxazol-3-yl-containing benzamide derivatives that targeted the bacterial cell division protein FtsZ. Evaluation of their activity against a panel of Gram-positive and -negative pathogens revealed that compound A16 possessing the 4,5-dihydroisoxazol-5-yl group showed outstanding antibacterial activity (MIC, ≤0.125–0.5 μg/mL) against various testing strains, including methicillin-resistant, penicillin-resistant and clinical isolated S. aureus strains. Besides, further mouse infection model revealed that A16 could be effective in vivo and non-toxic to Hela cells. Finally, a detailed discussion of structure-activity relationships was conducted, referring to the docking results. It is worth noting that substituting a 4,5-dihydroisoxazole ring for the isoxazole ring not only broadened the antibacterial spectrum but also resulted in a significant increase in antibacterial activity against S. aureus strains. Taken together, these results suggest a promising chemotype for the development of new FtsZ-targeting bactericidal agents.

Fabrication of Ni3N nanorods anchored on N-doped carbon for selective semi-hydrogenation of alkynes

Nickel is a highly active catalyst for the semi-hydrogenation of alkynes. However, the low selectivity of the alkene product caused by the over-hydrogenation reaction on Ni has hindered its practical applications. In this work, we report a new nickel nitride (Ni3N)-catalyzed semi-hydrogenation of alkynes to the corresponding alkenes. The Ni3N nanorods were facilely fabricated via a direct pyrolysis of the solid mixture of nickel acetate tetrahydrate and melamine (Mlm). The Ni3N phase in the optimum catalyst (Ni3N/NC-6/5-550) is shown to be effective and stable in the semi-hydrogenation of alkynes, with a high yield and good selectivity for alkenes (Z/E ratios up to >99/1). Both terminal and internal alkynes bearing a broad scope of functional groups are readily converted into alkenes with good chemo- and stereoselectivity. Notably, it was found that the over-hydrogenation can be markedly suppressed even at high conversion of alkyne. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the low interaction between the alkene product and the Ni3N might plays a critical role in the selectivity enhancement.

Nitrogen-fixing of ultrasmall Pd-based bimetallic nanoclusters on carbon supports

Synthesis of supported Pd-based bimetallic catalysts is of great importance in the heterogeneous catalysis field owing to their optimal geometric and electronic effects. Downsizing active metals to ultrasmall nanocluster (2-reduction at 400–500 °C. Through the nitrogen-fixing strategy, we prepare 9 sub-2 nm Pd-based bimetallic nanocluster catalysts by conventional impregnation process. The prepared supported bimetallic Pd-Pb nanocluster catalyst exhibit a high turnover frequency of 1092 h?1 for the semihydrogenation of phenylacetylene under a mild condition (30 °C, 5 bar H2), along with a high selectivity of >93% to styrene, demonstrating the alloying and small-size effects in the bimetallic nanocluster catalysts.

Phosphonium Phenolate Zwitterion vs Phosphonium Ylide: Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity Study of a Trimethylphosphonium Phenolate Zwitterion

4-Methoxy-3-(trimethylphosphonio)phenolate was obtained from a regioselective addition of PMe3 to p-quinone monoacetal. This compound undergoes hydrogen isotope exchange with D2O or CD3CN, and is capable of catalyzing H/D exchange of CD3CN with substrates bearing weakly acidic hydrogens. It exhibits similar reactivity to phosphorus ylides for olefinations of aldehydes. A possible tautomerization between the phosphonium phenolate zwitterion and phosphonium ylide is proposed for the first time to rationalize the unique reactivity.

PdCx nanocrystals with tunable compositions for alkyne semihydrogenation

The palladium carbide (PdCx) material has shown great promise as an efficient catalyst for alkyne semihydrogenation. Difficulties in preparing stable PdCx catalysts have been recognized as the main obstacle. Here, we synthesized a highly stable and durable class of PdCx nanocrystals by treating pre-formed Pd nanocrystals with glucose under hydrothermal conditions. The C/Pd atomic ratios in the resultant PdCx nanocrystals can be varied from 0.04 to 0.18, simply by changing the reaction time. The catalytic results for semihydrogenation of 4-ethynyl-1,1′-biphenyl show that PdC0.18 nanocrystals exhibit an activity with a turnover frequency as high as 7896 h-1, ～7.6 and ～38 times higher than that of commercial Pd/C and Lindlar catalysts, respectively, as well as a selectivity of >99%.