42428-77-3Relevant academic research and scientific papers
Peptide ligation by chemoselective aminonitrile coupling in water
Canavelli, Pierre,Islam, Saidul,Powner, Matthew W.
, p. 546 - 549 (2019/07/18)
Amide bond formation is one of the most important reactions in both chemistry and biology1–4, but there is currently no chemical method of achieving α-peptide ligation in water that tolerates all of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids at the peptide ligation site. The universal genetic code establishes that the biological role of peptides predates life’s last universal common ancestor and that peptides played an essential part in the origins of life5–9. The essential role of sulfur in the citric acid cycle, non-ribosomal peptide synthesis and polyketide biosynthesis point towards thioester-dependent peptide ligations preceding RNA-dependent protein synthesis during the evolution of life5,9–13. However, a robust mechanism for aminoacyl thioester formation has not been demonstrated13. Here we report a chemoselective, high-yielding α-aminonitrile ligation that exploits only prebiotically plausible molecules—hydrogen sulfide, thioacetate12,14 and ferricyanide12,14–17 or cyanoacetylene8,14—to yield α-peptides in water. The ligation is extremely selective for α-aminonitrile coupling and tolerates all of the 20 proteinogenic amino acid residues. Two essential features enable peptide ligation in water: the reactivity and pKaH of α-aminonitriles makes them compatible with ligation at neutral pH and N-acylation stabilizes the peptide product and activates the peptide precursor to (biomimetic) N-to-C peptide ligation. Our model unites prebiotic aminonitrile synthesis and biological α-peptides, suggesting that short N-acyl peptide nitriles were plausible substrates during early evolution.
Nitrile-containing enzyme inhibitors and ruthenium complexes thereof
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, (2014/04/18)
The invention provides nitrile-containing protease inhibitors caged to ruthenium compounds. The nitrile-caged ruthenium compounds provide inactivated inhibitors that can be delivered to surface or site for activation, for example, but exposure to light. The invention also provides methods for delivering protease inhibitors to subjects for the therapeutic treatment of conditions such as cancer.
Interaction of papain-like cysteine proteases with dipeptide-derived nitriles
L?ser, Reik,Schilling, Klaus,Dimmig, Elke,Gütschow, Michael
, p. 7688 - 7707 (2007/10/03)
A series of 44 dipeptide nitriles with various amino acids at the P 2 position and glycine nitrile at position P1 were prepared and evaluated as inhibitors of cysteine proteinases. With respect to the important contribution of the P2-S2 interaction to the formation of enzyme-inhibitor complexes, it was focused to introduce structural diversity into the P2 side chain. Nonproteinogenic amino acids were introduced, and systematic fluorine, bromine, and phenyl scans for phenylalanine in the P2 position were performed. Moreover, the N-terminal protection was varied. Kinetic investigations were carried out with cathepsin L, S, and K as well as papain. Changes in the backbone structure of the parent N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-phenylalanyl-glycine-nitrile (16), such as the introduction of an R-configured amino acid or an azaamino acid into P 2 as well as methylation of the P1 nitrogen, resulted in a drastic loss of affinity. Exemplarily, the cyano group of 16 was replaced by an aldehyde or methyl ketone function. Structure-activity relationships were discussed with respect to the substrate specificity of the target enzymes.
Modified method of synthesis of N-substituted dithioesters of amino acids and peptides in the Pinner reaction
Neugebauer, Witold,Pinet, Eric,Kim, Munsok,Carey, Paul R.
, p. 341 - 343 (2007/10/03)
An improved method for the synthesis of dithioesters of amino acids and peptides has been developed. The syntheses have been carried out from the nitriles. The addition of thiol to the nitrile derivative in the Pinner step of dithioester synthesis was activated with hydrogen fluoride. A few examples of dithioester synthesis using liquid HF are described. Some novel dithioesters, which are model compounds for resonance Raman spectroscopic studies of dithioacylpapain intermediates, are described. An improved method for the synthesis of dithioesters of amino acids and peptides has been developed. The syntheses have been carried out from the nitriles. The addition of thiol to the nitrile derivative in the Pinner step of dithioester synthesis was activated with hydrogen fluoride. A few examples of dithioester synthesis using liquid HF are described. Some novel dithioesters, which are model compounds for resonance Raman spectroscopic studies of dithioacylpapain intermediates, are described.
Carboxyl-Modified Amino Acids and Peptides as Protease Inhibitors
Thompson, Stewart A.,Andrews, Peter R.,Hanzlik, Robert P.
, p. 104 - 111 (2007/10/02)
Several types of carbonyl-modified amino acids and peptides were prepared in forms having N-terminal modifications (carrier fragments) suitable for one of several representative protease enzymes, and their inhibitory action toward those enzymes were evalu
