5349-87-1

Upstream product

• 117-80-6 2,3-Dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone 
• 75-04-7 ethylamine 
• 605-69-6 1-hydroxy-2,4-dinitronaphthalene 

Downstream Products

• 4497-72-7 N-(3-chloro-1,4-dioxo-1,4-dihydronaphthalen-2-yl)-N-ethylacetamide 

Relevant academic research and scientific papers

Synthesis, Characterization and Solvatochromic Studies Using the Solvent Polarity Parameter, ENT on 2-Chloro-3-Ethylamino-1,4-Naphthoquinone

Quinones are molecules with varied biological activities and electronic properties which are used for important applications [1, 2]. Quinone with a heteroatom substituted, namely 2-chloro-3-ethylamino-1,4-naphthoquinone (N-CAN) was synthesized and characterized by various techniques such as H1-NMR, C13-NMR, Mass spectroscopy and FT-IR spectroscopy. In this study, the solvatochromic effects on the spectral properties of 2-chloro-3-ethylamino-1,4-naphthoquinone have been investigated in different solvents taking into consideration, the solvent parameters like dielectric constant (ε) and refractive index (η) of different solvent polarities. Using Lippert-Mataga, Bakshiev’s, Kawski-Chamma-Viallet and Reichardt equations, the ground state (μg) and excited state (μe) dipole moments were calculated. The angle between the excited state and ground state dipole moments were also calculated. [Figure not available: see fulltext.].

Discovery of Novel 2-Aniline-1,4-naphthoquinones as Potential New Drug Treatment for Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON)

Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a rare genetic mitochondrial disease and the primary cause of chronic visual impairment for at least 1 in 10 ?000 individuals in the U.K. Treatment options remain limited, with only a few drug candidates and therapeutic approaches, either approved or in development. Recently, idebenone has been investigated as drug therapy in the treatment of LHON, although evidence for the efficacy of idebenone is limited in the literature. NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and mitochondrial complex III were identified as the major enzymes involved in idebenone activity. Based on this mode of action, computer-aided techniques and structure-activity relationship (SAR) optimization studies led to the discovery of a series naphthoquinone-related small molecules, with comparable adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) rescue activity to idebenone. Among these, three compounds showed activity in the nanomolar range and one, 2-((4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)amino)-3-(methylthio)naphthalene-1,3-dione (1), demonstrated significantly higher potency ex vivo, and significantly lower cytotoxicity, than idebenone.

Antimalarial N1, N3-Dialkyldioxonaphthoimidazoliums: Synthesis, Biological Activity, and Structure-activity Relationships

Here we report the nanomolar potencies of N1,N3-dialkyldioxonaphthoimidazoliums against asexual forms of sensitive and resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Activity was dependent on the presence of the fused quinone-imidazolium entity and lipophilicity imparted by the N1/N3 alkyl residues on the scaffold. Gametocytocidal activity was also detected, with most members active at IC50 1 μM. A representative analog with good solubility, limited PAMPA permeability, and microsomal stability demonstrated oral efficacy on a humanized mouse model of P. falciparum.

A simple synthesis of 3,4-dihydrobenzo[f]quinoxalin-6(2H)-one derivatives substituted in the ring B

[Figure not available: see fulltext.] We followed a simple, inexpensive, and efficient route to synthesize a series of 3,4-dihydrobenzo[f]quinoxalin-6(2H)-one derivatives substituted in the ring B, with the expectation that this scaffold might exhibit antineoplastic activity. 5-Chlorobenzo[f]quinoxalin-6-ylacetate and 4-benzylbenzo[f]quinoxalin-6(4H)-one were obtained for the first time.

Dioxonaphthoimidazoliums are Potent and Selective Rogue Stem Cell Clearing Agents with SOX2-Suppressing Properties

Pluripotent stem cells are uniquely positioned for regenerative medicine, but their clinical potential can only be realized if their tumorigenic tendencies are decoupled from their pluripotent properties. Deploying small molecules to remove remnant undifferentiated pluripotent cells, which would otherwise transform into teratomas and teratomacarcinomas, offers several advantages over non-pharmacological methods. Dioxonapthoimidazolium YM155, a survivin suppressant, induced selective and potent cell death of undifferentiated stem cells. Herein, the structural requirements for stemotoxicity were investigated and found to be closely aligned with those essential for cytotoxicity in malignant cells. There was a critical reliance on the quinone and imidazolium moieties but a lesser dependence on ring substituents, which served mainly to fine-tune activity. Several potent analogues were identified which, like YM155, suppressed survivin and decreased SOX2 in stem cells. The decrease in SOX2 would cause an imbalance in pluripotent factors that could potentially prompt cells to differentiate and hence decrease the risk of aberrant teratoma formation. As phosphorylation of the NF-κB p50 subunit was also suppressed, the crosstalk between phospho-p50, SOX2, and survivin could implicate a causal role for NF-κB signaling in mediating the stem cell clearing properties of dioxonaphthoimidazoliums.

NAPHTHAQUINONE METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITORS AND USES THEREOF

Provided herein are compounds of (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, hydrates, polymorphs, co-crystals, tautomers, stereoisomers, and prodrugs thereof. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions and methods involving the inventive compounds for the treatment of proliferative diseases (e.g., cancer (e.g., leukemia, breast cancer, melanoma, metastatic cancer) and diseases associated with inappropriate SET8 activity. Also provided are methods for inhibiting SET8 and methods for labelling SET8.

Antiproliferative, DNA intercalation and redox cycling activities of dioxonaphtho[2,3-d]imidazolium analogs of YM155: A structure-activity relationship study

The anticancer agent YM155 is widely investigated as a specific survivin suppressant. More recently, YM155 was found to induce DNA damage and this has raised doubts as to whether survivin is its primary target. In an effort to assess the contribution of DNA damage to the anticancer activity of YM155, several analogs were prepared and evaluated for antiproliferative activity on malignant cells, participation in DNA intercalation and free radical generation by redox cycling. The intact positively charged scaffold was found to be essential for antiproliferative activity and intercalation but was less critical for redox cycling where the minimal requirement was a pared down bicyclic quinone. Side chain requirements at the N1 and N3 positions of the scaffold were more alike for redox cycling and intercalation than antiproliferative activity, underscoring yet again, the limited structural overlaps for these activities. Furthermore, antiproliferative activities were poorly correlated to DNA intercalation and redox cycling. Potent antiproliferative activity (IC50 9-23 nM), exceeding that of YM155, was found for a minimally substituted methyl analog AB7. Like YM155 and other dioxonaphthoimidazoliums, AB7 was a modest DNA intercalator but with weak redox cycling activity. Thus, the capacity of this scaffold to inflict direct DNA damage leading to cell death may not be significant and YM155 should not be routinely classified as a DNA damaging agent.

Molecular structures and biological evaluation of 2-chloro-3-(n-alkylamino) -1,4-napthoquinone derivatives as potent antifungal agents

Derivatives of 2-chloro-3-(n-alkylamino)-1,4-naphthoquinone {n-alkyl: methyl; L-1, ethyl; L-2, propyl; L-3 and butyl; L-4} have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, 1H NMR, UV-visible spectroscopy, LC-MS and single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Antifungal activity of L-1 to L-4 has been evaluated against Candida tropicalis, Candida albicans and Cladosporium herbarum. The intramolecular hydrogen bonding affects the N-H vibrational frequency in L-2 (3273 cm-1). The single crystal X-ray structure reveal that L-1 and L-3 crystallizes in triclinic P-1, whereas L-2 crystallizes in orthorhombic Pca21 space group. An extensive intra and intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions were observed in L-1 to L-3 which leads to molecular association. Intramolecular N-Ha?O hydrogen bonding were observed in L-1 to L-3. Moreover π-π stacking interactions were observed between the quinonoid rings of L-1 and L-3, however no such interactions were observed in L-2. An electrochemical study showed molecular association of L-1 to L-4 in DMSO solution. Compounds L-1 to L-4 were found to be potent antifungal agents against all the three strains, especially against C. tropicalis. Amongst these promising antifungal candidates, L-1 showed better activity compared to the clinically administered antifungal drug Amphotericin B and Nitrofurantoin with MIC = 1.25 μg ml-1 and MIC = 0.025 μg ml-1 respectively against C. albicans. Structure and activity relationship (SAR) study suggest a Log P value of ～2.0 and the cyclic voltammetry studies reveals additional chemical processes for L-1, which exhibits maximum activity against all fungal strains.

Synthesis and antiplatelet, antiinflammatory, and antiallergic activities of 2-substituted 3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives

A series of 2-substituted 3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinones was synthesized, and the antiplatelet, antiinflammatory, and antiallergic activities of these compounds were evaluated. The structure-activity relationships in this series were also examined. Most of the 2-alkyl/arylcarboxamido derivatives of 3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone showed potent activities with similar trends in each of the activities evaluated.