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Relevant academic research and scientific papers

5- and 6-Membered (thio)lactones are prodrug type carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

The inhibition of the zinc enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) with (thio)coumarins has been recently reported (Maresca et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 3057). Here we demonstrate that a series of γ- and δ-(thio)lactones also act as mechanism based, prodrug type CA inhibitors, similar to the (thio)coumarins. Through the esterase activity of CA, these compounds are hydrolyzed in situ to the corresponding hydroxy/keto/mercapto acids which thereafter act as inhibitors. CA isoforms I and IX were efficiently inhibited by simple such compounds, with KIs in the range of 0.92-19.1 μM, whereas CA II was not inhibited at all. Isoform-selective CA inhibitors which spare the ubiquitous off-target CA II may have interesting applications for example for selectively inhibiting the tumor-associated CA IX, a validated anticancer target.

Development of Novel N-hydroxypyridone Derivatives as Potential Anti-Ischemic Stroke Agents

Our previous study had identified ciclopirox (CPX) as a promising lead compound for treatment of ischemic stroke. To find better neuroprotective agents, a series of N-hydroxypyridone derivatives based on CPX were designed, synthesized, and evaluated in this study. Among these derivatives, compound 11 exhibits significant neuroprotection against oxygen glucose deprivation and oxidative stress-induced injuries in neuronal cells. Moreover, compound 11 possesses good blood-brain barrier permeability and superior antioxidant capability. In addition, a complex of compound 11 with olamine-11·Ola possesses good water solubility, negligible hERG inhibition, and superior metabolic stability. The in vivo experiment demonstrates that 11·Ola significantly reduces brain infarction and alleviates neurological deficits in middle cerebral artery occlusion rats. Hence, compound 11·Ola is identified in our research as a prospective prototype in the innovation of stroke treatment.

Inhibition of cancer-associated mutant isocitrate dehydrogenases: Synthesis, structure-activity relationship, and selective antitumor activity

Mutations of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) are frequently found in certain cancers such as glioma. Different from the wild-type (WT) IDH1, the mutant enzymes catalyze the reduction of α-ketoglutaric acid to d-2-hydroxyglutaric acid (D2HG), leading to cancer initiation. Several 1-hydroxypyridin-2-one compounds were identified to be inhibitors of IDH1(R132H). A total of 61 derivatives were synthesized, and their structure-activity relationships were investigated. Potent IDH1(R132H) inhibitors were identified with Ki values as low as 140 nM, while they possess weak or no activity against WT IDH1. Activities of selected compounds against IDH1(R132C) were found to be correlated with their inhibitory activities against IDH1(R132H), as well as cellular production of D2HG, with R2 of 0.83 and 0.73, respectively. Several inhibitors were found to be permeable through the blood-brain barrier in a cell-based model assay and exhibit potent and selective activity (EC50 = 0.26-1.8 μM) against glioma cells with the IDH1 R132H mutation.

New chemotypes acting as isozyme-selective carbonic anhydrase inhibitors with low affinity for the offtarget cytosolic isoform II

Considering phenols and coumarins as lead molecules for obtaining non-sulfonamide inhibitors of carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1), we screened a large number of compounds possessing diverse chemotypes, but structural features which resemble the two chemical classes. Here we report an investigation of such derivatives which do not significantly inhibit CA II, but show interesting inhibition profiles against other isozymes. Pyridine-N-oxide-2-thiophenol, thiobenzoic acid, thimerosal, two oximes derived from a six-membered-ring lactone and from coumarin; 2-hydroxyquinoline and coumaphos, were investigated as inhibitors of CA I-XIV. All these compounds did not inhibit CA II, whereas the two oximes and 2-hydroxyquinoline were low nanomolar inhibitors of CA I, IX, XII, XIII and XIV, showing a very different inhibition profile compared to sulfonamides and sulfamates. Some other compounds showed low micromolar inhibition of other isoforms of interest, such as CA VA/VB, CA VI and VII. This study demonstrates that a rather wide range of structures show low nanomolar - micromolar inhibitory activity against many CA isozymes, without inhibiting significantly the offtarget isoform CA II.

210. Cycloaddition of 2H-Pyran-2-thiones with Nitroso Derivatives. An Unexpected Cycloaddition-Rearrangement Reaction

Reaction of pyran-2-thiones 4 with nitroso derivatives led surprisingly to type-8 (19) adducts which proved to be isomeric with the initially expected primary Diels-Alder cycloadducts 5.Methyl 2-thioxo-2H-pyran-5-carboxylate (4f), when reacted with nitros