56471-92-2Relevant academic research and scientific papers
Synthesis of isoindoles by one-electron reductions of dibenzo[1,4]diazocines
Bovenkerk, Marcel,Esser, Birgit
, p. 775 - 785 (2015/01/30)
A synthetic protocol to isoindoles is reported through one-electron reductions of dibenzo[1,4]diazocines. The utility of the approach has been demonstrated through the synthesis of six novel isoindole derivatives. Photophysical measurements revealed emissions between 440 and 460 nm. A reaction mechanism, supported by experimental results and quantum chemical calculations, is postulated.
Facile Rearrangement of the 6,11-Diphenyldibenzo[b,f][1,4]diazocine Skeleton into a Substituted 2-(2-Aminophenyl)-1,3-diphenylisoindole via Anomalous Carbolithiation or Hydrolithiation: Corroboration of Operative SET Processes
Eisch, John J.,Liu, Wei,Zhu, Lisheng,Rheingold, Arnold L.
, p. 7384 - 7394 (2015/11/25)
The starting 6,11-diphenyldibenzo[b,f][1,4]diazocine has been individually treated with R-Li reagents in THF, where R = AlH4, PhCH2, Ph2CH, Ph3C, CH3, CH3(CH2)3, C6H5 or Ph-C≡C, to learn whether an expected 1,2- or 1,4-addition would cleanly occur. Contrary to such an assumption based on nucleophilic attack, this [1,4]diazocine with PhCH2Li yielded only the enantiomers of (4b,11R)-11-benzyl-4b,11-diphenyl-4b,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[4,5]imidazo[2,1-a]isoindole; with Ph2CHLi yielded 2-[1-(4-benzhydrylphenyl)-phenyl-2H-isoindol-2-yl]analine; and with LiAlH4 2-(2-aminophenyl)-1,3-diphenylisoindole. Finally, individual reactions of the [1,4]diazocine with CH3Li, nBuLi or PhLi gave 4-5 inseparable products, instead of any simple 1,2 or 1,4 adduct. The anomalous carbolithiations and hydrolithiation observed are irreconcilable with a nucleophilic mechanism but in excellent accord with a SET radical-anion pathway.
Facile Redox Interconversion of 6,11-Diphenyldibenzo[b,f][1,4]diazocine and 2-(2-Aminophenyl)-1,3-diphenylisoindole: Reversible SET Ring Contraction and Expansion Processes
Eisch, John J.,Liu, Wei,Zhu, Lisheng,Rheingold, Arnold L.
, p. 7489 - 7498 (2016/02/20)
In our continuing attempts to convert tub-shaped dibenzo[1,4]diazocines or dibenzo[1,5]diazocines into necessarily planar Hückel aromatic ten-π-electron dianions or dihydro derivatives of the central diazocine ring, we have added requisite electrons by Na or Li metal in THF. Subsequent hydrolysis yielded no evidence for the formation of such Hückel aromatic products but in each case a profound rearrangement of the tricyclic diazocine had instead occurred. In the present study we have attempted to form the unknown aromatic 6,11-diphenyldibenzo[b,f][5,12]-dihydro[1,4]diazocine at 25°C by such a straightforward addition of two electrons to 6,11-diphenyldibenzo[b,f][1,4]diazocine. We were encouraged by the prior reduction of the unsubstituted [1,4]diazocine to 1,4-dihydro-[1,4]diazocine, which by X-ray and 1H NMR evidence displays aromatic-like properties. However, this diphenyldibenzo[1,4]-diazocine upon reduction underwent instead an unusual, serendipitous rearrangement to yield quantitatively 2-(2-aminophenyl)-1,3-diphenylisoindole. Then in a purposive search for other reductants capable of reductively rearranging this [1,4]diazocine to its corresponding isoindole, we discovered three other reductants, namely o-diaminobenzene, titanium(II) salts, and concentrated aqueous hydriodic acid with visible light. Conversely, again in a serendipitous observation, it was found that O2 in CHCl3 with visible light could readily convert the isoindole in an oxidative rearrangement back into the [1,4]diazocine. A purposive method for achieving this oxidative rearrangement was then found to be treatment with DDQ. General mechanistic pathways are proposed via SET intermediates for both redox interconversions.
