5694-00-8Relevant articles and documents
Induction of micronuclei in mouse and rat by glycidamide, genotoxic metabolite of acrylamide
Paulsson, Birgit,Kotova, Natalia,Grawe, Jan,Henderson, Alistair,Granath, Fredrik,Golding, Bernard,Toernqvist, Margareta
, p. 15 - 24 (2003)
Male CBA mice and male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated by i.p. injection of glycidamide (GA), the presumed genotoxic metabolite of acrylamide (AA). GA was obtained through a new way of synthesis. As an endpoint of chromosome damage, micronucleus (MN) induction in erythrocytes was measured. Hemoglobin (Hb) adducts were used as a measure of in vivo dose of GA. GA induced linear dose-dependent increases in adduct levels in both species. Rats exhibit, compared with mice, 30% higher Hb adduct levels per unit of administered amount of GA. The incremental MN frequencies per administered dose of GA in mice showed a linear-quadratic dose-dependent curve. In the rat no positive dose-response relationship was obtained, probably due to toxic effects to the bone marrow. The main result of this study is the finding that after treatment with synthetic GA the MN frequency per unit of the in vivo dose of GA in the mouse is very similar to that obtained in a previous study, where animals were treated with AA and GA as a metabolite. This equality in potency of GA, whether its in vivo dose is established by injection of synthetic GA or through metabolism of AA, supports the view that GA is the predominant genotoxic factor in AA exposure.
Syntheses of D-labelled oxidative metabolites of acrylamide and acrylonitrile for the quantification of their toxicities in humans
Belov, Vladimir N.,Korneev, Sergei M.,Angerer, Juergen,De Meijere, Armin
scheme or table, p. 4417 - 4425 (2009/05/07)
Syntheses of the labelled oxidative metabolites of acrylamide and acrylonitrile - reference compounds for the evaluation of human exposure to important toxicants - are reported. For that, L-cystine tert-butyl ester was acetylated and the product reductively cleaved to L-cysteine tert-butyl ester, which reacted with carbamoyl[D3]oxirane (obtained from [D 3]acrylonitrile and 30% aq. H2O2 at pH = 7.0-7.5) and afforded a separable mixture of tert-butyl N-acetyl-S-(2-hydroxy-2- carbamoyl[ D3]ethyl)cysteinate and tert-butyl N-acetyl-S-(1- carbamoyl-2-hydroxy[D3]ethyl)cysteinate (ca. 9:1). Removal of the tert-butyl group in these intermediates with aq. HCl gave the final deuterated internal standards with carbamoyl residues. Protection of the secondary hydroxy group in the major intermediate with tBuMe2SiCl/imidazole in DMF followed by dehydration of the carbamoyl group (trifluoroacetic anhydride/pyridine in CH2Cl2) and stepwise removal of the tert-butyl and tBuMe2Si protecting groups (TFA, Et3SiH, CH2Cl2; aq. HF in MeCN) yielded N-acetyl-S-(2-cyano-2- hydroxy[D3]ethyl)cysteine. Monoprotection of [D4]ethylene glycol with tBuMe2SiCl and NaH in THF, oxidation to tBuMe 2SiOCD2CDO, conversion to tBuMe2SiOCD 2CD(OH)CN and tBuMe2SiOCD2CD(OTs)CN followed by nucleophilic substitution of the tosyloxy group with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (MeOD, Et3N) and deprotection with 4 M HCl in dioxane resulted in N-acetyl-S-(1-cyano-2-hydroxy[D3]ethyl)cysteine. All transformations (except the last but one) gave the respective products in good yields. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2008.
Chemistry of α-Aminonitriles. Formation of 2-Oxoethyl Phosphates ('Glycolaldehyde Phosphates') from rac-Oxiranecarbonitrile and on (Formal) Constitutional Relationships between 2-Oxoethyl Phosphates and Oligo(hexo- and pentopyranosyl)nucleotide Backbones
Pitsch, Stefan,Pombo-Villar, Esteban,Eschenmoser, Albert
, p. 2251 - 2285 (2007/10/02)
Oxiranecarbonitrile in basic aqueous solution at room temperature reacts regioselectively with inorganic phosphate to give the cyanohydrin of 2-oxoethyl phosphate ('glycolaldehyde phosphate'), a source of (the hydrate of) the free aldehyde, preferably in the presence of formaldehyde.In aqueous phosphate solution buffered to nearly neutral pH, oxiranecarbonitrile produces the phosphodiester of glycolaldehyde as its bis-cyanohydrin in good yield.In contrast to mono- and dialkylation, trialkylation of phosphate with oxiranecarbonitrile is difficult, and the triester derivative is highly sensitive to hydrolysis.Glycolaldehyde phosphate per se is of prebiotic interest, since it had been shown to aldomerize in basic aqueous solution regioselectively to rac-hexose 2,4,6-triphosphates and- in the presence of formaldehyde - mainly to rac-pentose 2,4-diphosphates with, under appropriate conditions, rac-ribose 2,4-diphosphate as the major reaction product.However, the question as to whether oxiranecarbonitrile itself has the potential of having been a prebiological natural constituent remains unanswered.Backbone structures of hexopyranosyl-oligonucleotides with phosphodiester linkages specifically between the positions 6'->4',6'->2', or 4'->2' of the sugar residues can formally be derived via the (hypothetical) aldomerization pathway, a combinatorial intermolecular aldomerization of glycolaldehyde phosphate and bis(glycolaldehyde)phosphodiester in a 1:1 ratio.The constitutional relationships revealed by this synthetic analysis has played a decisive role as a selection criterion in the pursuit of our experimental studies toward a chemical etiology of the natural nucleic acids' structure.The Discussion in this paper delineates how the analysis contributed to the conception of the structure of p-RNA.The English Footnotes to Schemes 1-11 provi de an extension of this summary.
