57691-07-3

Upstream product

• 85-44-9 phthalic anhydride 
• 1099-45-2 ethyl (triphenylphosphoranylidene)acetate 

Downstream Products

• 83465-27-4 (3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isobenzofuran-1-yl)acetic acid ethyl ester 

Relevant academic research and scientific papers

Targeting of Fumarate Hydratase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis Using Allosteric Inhibitors with a Dimeric-Binding Mode

With the growing worldwide prevalence of antibiotic-resistant strains of tuberculosis (TB), new targets are urgently required for the development of treatments with novel modes of action. Fumarate hydratase (fumarase), a vulnerable component of the citric acid cycle in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is a metabolic target that could satisfy this unmet demand. A key challenge in the targeting of Mtb fumarase is its similarity to the human homolog, which shares an identical active site. A potential solution to this selectivity problem was previously found in a high-throughput screening hit that binds in a nonconserved allosteric site. In this work, a structure-activity relationship study was carried out with the determination of further structural biology on the lead series, affording derivatives with sub-micromolar inhibition. Further, the screening of this series against Mtb in vitro identified compounds with potent minimum inhibitory concentrations.

Discovery of a Small-Molecule Inhibitor of Interleukin 15: Pharmacophore-Based Virtual Screening and Hit Optimization

Interleukin (IL)-15 is a pleiotropic cytokine, which is structurally close to IL-2 and shares with it the IL-2 β and γ receptor (R) subunits. By promoting the activation and proliferation of NK, NK-T, and CD8+ T cells, IL-15 plays important roles in innate and adaptative immunity. Moreover, the association of high levels of IL-15 expression with inflammatory and autoimmune diseases has led to the development of various antagonistic approaches targeting IL-15. This study is an original approach aimed at discovering small-molecule inhibitors impeding IL-15/IL-15R interaction. A pharmacophore and docking-based virtual screening of compound libraries led to the selection of 240 high-scoring compounds, 36 of which were found to bind IL-15, to inhibit the binding of IL-15 to the IL-2Rβ chain or the proliferation of IL-15-dependent cells or both. One of them was selected as a hit and optimized by a structure-activity relationship approach, leading to the first small-molecule IL-15 inhibitor with sub-micromolar activity.

NOVEL IL-2/IL-15 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST COMPOUNDS AND USES THEREOF FOR THE TREATMENT OF AUTOIMMUNE AND INFLAMMATORY DISEASES OR GRAFT REJECTION

Novel IL-2/IL-15 Receptor antagonist compounds and uses thereof for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases or graft rejection Novel IL-2/IL-15 Receptor antagonist compounds and uses thereof for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases or graft rejection. The invention relates to a compound of general formula (1) wherein X represents O, S or NR 4, wherein R4 is alkyl; A is selected from S, SO, SO2, NH and O; Y represents (CR5R6)n or (CR5 R6 O)n, wherein R5 and R6 identical or different are H or alkyl and n represents an integer from 1 to 15; R1 represents a 5 to 10 membered aromatic or non-aromatic mono-or bicyclic, 1 optionally bridged ring, R2 is C1-C4 alkyl; R3 is H or alkyl; p is 0 or 1; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The compounds of the invention are inhibitors of the interactions of IL-2/15 to IL-2/15Rβand hence useful in the treatment of an autoimmune or an inflammatory diseases and graft rejection.

Discovery of thiazolyl-phthalazinone acetamides as potent glucose uptake activators via high-throughput screening

With the aim to discover orally active small molecules that stimulate glucose uptake, high throughput screening of a library of 5000 drug-like compounds was conducted in differentiated skeletal muscle cells in presence of insulin. N-Substituted phthalazinone acetamide was identified as a potential glucose uptake modulator. Several novel derivatives were synthesized to establish structure activity relationships. Identified lead thiazolyl- phthalazinone acetamide (7114863) increased glucose uptake (EC50 of 0.07 ± 0.02 μM) in differentiated skeletal muscle cells in presence of insulin. Furthermore, 7114863 was superior to rosiglitazone under similar experimental conditions without inducing PPAR-γ agonist activity thus making it a very interesting scaffold.

Phthalazinone inhibitors of inosine-5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase from Cryptosporidium parvum

Cryptosporidium parvum (Cp) is a potential biowarfare agent and major cause of diarrhea and malnutrition. This protozoan parasite relies on inosine 5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) for the production of guanine nucleotides. A CpIMPDH-selective N-aryl-3,4-dihydro-3-methyl-4-oxo-1- phthalazineacetamide inhibitor was previously identified in a high throughput screening campaign. Herein we report a structure-activity relationship study for the phthalazinone-based series that resulted in the discovery of benzofuranamide analogs that exhibit low nanomolar inhibition of CpIMPDH. In addition, the antiparasitic activity of select analogs in a Toxoplasma gondii model of C. parvum infection is also presented.

Intra- and intermolecular C(sp2)-H...O hydrogen bonds in a series of isobenzofuranone derivatives: Manifestation and energetics

Derivatives 2-6 were prepared as models for studying intra- and intermolecular C(sp2)-H...O hydrogen bonding. Their X-ray structures confirm the presence of intramolecular hydrogen bonds in derivatives of the a series: the corresponding C...O distances vary between 2.91 and 2.97 A. The corresponding 13C-1H coupling constants are increased by about 7.5 Hz, and the 1H chemical shifts in CDCl3 are 9.1-10.7 ppm. No intramolecular hydrogen bonds can form in derivatives of the isomeric b series. In this series, the chemical shifts of the corresponding aromatic protons exhibit strong solvent dependency; in particular, they are as sensitive as the proton in chloroform to the presence of DMSO. The vinylic protons activated by the electron-accepting COOR groups behave similarly. Quantum mechanical calculations in the gas phase and in DMSO reproduce the experimental observations. Energies of the intramolecular hydrogen bonds evaluated by two independent approaches vary between 3.7 and 4.4 kcal mol-1 in the gas phase and still amount to at least 2.5 kcal mol-1 in 2a in DMSO. These estimates are practically independent of the computational method (HF, MP2, and DFT B3LYP were employed for derivatives 2). We conclude that the behavior of both activated aromatic and vinylic C(sp2)-H atoms in the studied derivatives is qualitatively and quantitatively similar to the behavior of the C(sp 3)-H atom in chloroform. The existence of hydrogen bonds involving these atoms can easily be detected by NMR spectroscopy. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2008.

Novel, potent aldose reductase inhibitors: 3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-benzothiazolyl]methyl]-1- phthalazineacetic acid (zopolrestat) and congeners

A new working hypothesis that there is a hitherto unrecognized binding site on the aldose reductase (AR) enzyme with strong affinity for benzothiazoles was pursued for the design of novel, potent aldose reductase inhibitors (ARIs). The first application of this hypothesis led to a novel series of 3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-(benzothiazolylmethyl)-1-phthalazineacetic acids. The parent of this series (207) was a potent inhibitor of AR from human placenta (IC50 = 1.9 x 10-8 M) and was orally active in preventing sorbitol accumulation in rat sciatic nerve, in an acute test of diabetic complications (ED50 = 18.5 mg/kg). Optimization of this lead through medicinal chemical rationale, including analogy from other drug series, led to more potent congeners of 207 and culminated in the design of 3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-benzothiazolyl]methyl]-1- phthalazineacetic acid (216, CP-73,850, zopolrestat). Zopolrestat was found to be more potent than 207, both in vitro and in vivo. Its IC50 against AR and ED50 in the acute test were 3.1 x 10-9 M and 3.6 mg/kg, respectively. Its ED50s in reversing already elevated sorbitol accumulation in rat sciatic nerve, retina, and lens in a chronic test were 1.9, 17.6, and 18.4 mg/kg, respectively. It was well absorbed in diabetic patients, resulting in high blood level, showed a highly favorable plasma half-life (27.5 h), and is undergoing further clinical evaluation. An assortment of synthetic methods used for the construction of benzothiazoles, including an efficient synthesis of zopolrestat, is described. Structure-activity relationships in the new series are discussed.

An Investigation of the Wittig Reaction between a Series of Monosubstituted Phthalic Anhydrides and Ethoxycarbonylmethylidenetriphenylphosphorane

The title reaction has been investigated using a range of phthalic anhydrides substituted at the 3- or 4-positions with electronically dissimilar functional groups.The structures of the 3-ethoxycarbonylmethylidenephthalides formed in these reactions have been determined by both chemical and spectroscopic means.The regioselectivity of attack by the phosphorane on an unsymmetrical phthalic anhydride appears to be largely dependent upon the electronic effects of the substituent which render one of the anhydride carbonyls relatively more or less susceptible to nucleophilic attack.In general, (E)-ylidenephthalides are formed predominantly.