6144-37-2Relevant academic research and scientific papers
Spectroscopic and thermal investigations on the charge transfer interaction between risperidone as a schizophrenia drug with some traditional π-acceptors: Part 2
El-Habeeb, Abeer A.,Al-Saif, Foziah A.,Refat, Moamen S.
, p. 464 - 477 (2013/04/23)
The focus of present investigation was to assess the utility of non-expensive techniques in the evaluation of risperidone (Ris) in solid and solution states with different traditional π-acceptors and subsequent incorporation of the analytical determination into pharmaceutical formulation for a faster release of risperidone. Charge-transfer complexes (CTC) of risperidone with picric acid (PA), 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinon (DDQ), tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ), tetracyano ethylene (TCNE), tetrabromo-p-quinon (BL) and tetrachloro-p-quinon (CL) have been studied spectrophotometrically in absolute methanol at room temperature. The stoichiometries of the complexes were found to be 1:1 ratio by the photometric molar ratio between risperidone and the π-acceptors. The equilibrium constants, molar extinction coefficient (εCT) and spectroscopic-physical parameters (standard free energy (ΔGo), oscillator strength (f), transition dipole moment (μ), resonance energy (RN) and ionization potential (ID)) of the complexes were determined upon the modified Benesi-Hildebrand equation. Risperidone in pure form was applied in this study. The results indicate that the formation constants for the complexes depend on the nature of electron acceptors and donor, and also the spectral studies of the complexes were determined by (infrared, Raman, and 1H NMR) spectra and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The most stable mono-protonated form of Ris is characterized by the formation of +NH (pyrimidine ring) intramolecular hydrogen bonded. In the high-wavenumber spectral region ~3400 cm-1, the bands of the +NH stretching vibrations and of the pyrimidine nitrogen atom could be potentially useful to discriminate the investigated forms of Ris. The infrared spectra of both Ris complexes are confirming the participation of +NH pyrimidine ring in the donor-acceptor interaction.
Controlled nanoscale mechanical phenomena discovered with ultrafast electron microscopy
Flannigan, David J.,Lobastov, Vladimir A.,Zewail, Ahmed H.
, p. 9206 - 9210 (2008/12/22)
On again, off again: The reversible expansion and contraction of single crystals of [Cu(TCNQ)] induced by near-infrared laser pulses was studied with ultrafast electron microscopy (TCNQ = 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane). The crystal expands along the σ-
Charge-Transfer Complexes of Benzo[b]thiophene with σ- And π-Electron Acceptors
Ayad, Mohamad M.
, p. 2369 - 2373 (2007/10/03)
The spectrophotometric properties of the charge-transfer (CT) complexes of benzo[6]thiophene with iodine at 24°C in different solvents such as cychlohexane, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, dichloromethane, and 1,2-dichloroethane are studied. In addition the spectrophotometric and thermodynamic properties of the CT complexes of benzo[b]thiophene with tetracyanoethylene, chloranil, 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone and 7,7,8,8,-tetracyanoquinodimethane are studied. The results show that the equilibrium and the thermodynamic parameters and the wavelengths of the maximum absorption bands (λmax) of the complexes vary markedly with the solvent. The ionization potential and the donor sites of benzo[b]thiophene are also determined and discussed.
HYDRIDE TRANSFER REACTIONS OF MICHLER'S HYDRIDE WITH DIFFERENT ?-ACCEPTORS
Zaman, Khan. M.,Nishimura, Norio,Yamamoto, Shunzo,Sueishi, Yoshimi
, p. 309 - 315 (2007/10/02)
The hydride transfer reactions of 4,4'-bis(dimethylaminophenyl)methane (Michler's hydride) with p-benzoquinones were studied.The rate of formation of Michler's Hydrol Blue was followed spectrophotometrically.The second-order rate constants and the activation parameters were estimated.The formation of a charge-transfer complex was observed at low temperatures.Stable and unstable paramagnetic species formed during the reactions were assigned by ESR spectroscopy.The observed kinetic behaviour and the stoichiometry were in line with those previously obtained for the systems involving Leuco Crystal Violet, Leuco Malachite Green and Leuco Bindshedler's Green.Hence the reaction is considered to proceed according to the so-far accepted multi-step mechanism.However, when tetracyano-p-quinodimethane or tetracyanoethylene was used as a ?-acceptor, a comparatively stable radical ion pair was formed as a result of a one-electron transfer, followed by the gradual formation of Michler's Hydrol Blue.The kinetic behaviour and the stoichiometry of the reaction were examined, together with the enhanced kinetic effects of added triethylamine.A modified mechanism for these systems is proposed.The role of cyanomethylenes was found to be essentially different from that of p-benzoquinones, and therefore ?-acceptors are divided into two groups of cyanomethylenes and p-benzoquinones.
7. Tetrazinodiheteroarene: 'Charge -Transfer'-Komplexbildung mit Akzeptorverbindungen
Hellrung, Bruno,Balli, Heinz
, p. 81 - 85 (2007/10/02)
The formation of charge-transfer complexes and radical-ion pairs of donor compounds 1-6 with acceptor compounds 7-12 has been investigated by means of VIS/NIR-spectrospcopic methods.The equilibrium constants KCT (up to 1100M-1) for the donor/acceptor couple dipyridotetrazine (2)/ethylenetetracarbonitrile (11) and spectra of the CT complexes have been determined in 1,2-dichloroethane solution at 25 deg C.Results are discussed in relation to known CT-complex properties and to voltammetric redox-potentials E1/2.
Electrically conducting TCNQ Derivatives of Copper Sulphur/Nitrogen Chelates; Structure of a Novel Semiconducting Complex 2 which contains N-bonded TCNQ (pdto=1,8-di-2-pyridyl-3,6-dithiaoctane; TCNQ=7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane)
Humphrey, David G.,Fallon, Gary D.,Murray, Keith S.
, p. 1356 - 1358 (2007/10/02)
Reaction in water of Cu(pdto)(ClO4)2 with Li(TCNQ)/TCNQ mixtures yields solid crystalline materials of formulae Cu(pdto)(TCNQ)x (x=2, 2.5, or 3) which display high electrical conductivities ; reaction of Cu(pdto)(ClO4) with Li(TCNQ) yields Cu(pdto)(TCNQ), a poor conductor which has been shown by X-ray crystallography to have a novel dimeric structure involving ?-? interaction between TCNQ units and which possesses Cu-TCNQ bonding.
Formation Reactions of Phosphorus Ylide-Tetracyanoquinodimethane Complexes
Tsuchiya, Shinji,Mitomo, Shun-ichi,Kise, Hideo,Seno, Manabu
, p. 245 - 248 (2007/10/02)
The complexation reactions of tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) with phosphorus ylides have been studied.The binding energy is related to the electron density on the ylide atom as controlled by substituents.The degree of charge-transfer in the complex is also controlled by the substituents.The rate of formation of ylide-TCNQ complexes is slow enough to be measured, and a correlation between the reaction rate and the basicity of the ylide atoms was also established.
PREPARATION OF 7,7,8,8-TETRACYANOQUINODIMETHANE AND ITS DERIVATIVES
Yamaguchi, Shunro,Hanafusa, Terukiyo
, p. 689 - 690 (2007/10/02)
The reaction of terephthaloyl chloride with cyanotrimethylsilane in the presence of pyridine gave 1,4-bis(dicyanotrimethylsiloxymethyl)benzene, which was treated with POCl3-pyridine to afford tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) along with its dichloride.Similarly, 2,5-dimethyl-TCNQ and 2-bromo-TCNQ were prepared from the corresponding tetraphthaloyl chlorides.
Kinetics of the Reaction of Alkylamines with 7,7,8,8-Tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) in Organic Solvents
Seoud, Omar A. El,Ribeiro, Francisco P.,Martins, Abilio,Brotero, Paula P.
, p. 5099 - 5102 (2007/10/02)
The following sequence of substitution reactions was studied spectrophotometrically in organic solvents: where R = butyl, octyl, dodecyl, and hexadecyl.The production of 7-(alkylamino)-7,7,8-tricyanoquinodimethanes proceeds via the formation of the anion radical of TCNQ (TCNQ anion radical) whose rate of appearance was found to be a function of the chain length of R, reaching a maximum for octylamine.The formation of TCNQ anion radical was sensitive to the solvent polarity and electron-donor power and was associated with a small enthalpy and a highly negative entropy of activation.Above a certain the rate of disappearance of TCNQ anion radical was independent of the amine concentration, and the reaction had a much higher enthalpy and entropy of activation.The occurrence of tautomerism precluded an investigation of the conversion of 7-(octylamino)-7,8,8-tricyanoquinodimethane into 7,7-bis(octylamino)-8,8-dicyanoquinodimethane.A study of the reaction of octylamine with 7-morpholino-7,8,8-tricyanoquinodimethane (which does not exist in tautomeric forms) showed that the second substitution step proceeds with the same mechanism as the first one.The only difference between the two compounds (TCNQ and its monosubstituted morpholino derivative) is one of reactivity.
