62634-51-9Relevant academic research and scientific papers
Toxicity of the amphetamine metabolites 4-hydroxyamphetamine and 4-hydroxynorephedrine in human dopaminergic differentiated SH-SY5Y cells
Feio-Azevedo,Costa,Ferreira,Branco,Pereira,Bastos,Carvalho,Capela
, p. 65 - 76 (2017/02/19)
Amphetamine (AMPH) is a psychostimulant used worldwide by millions of patients in the clinical treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, narcolepsy or even obesity, and is also a drug of abuse. 4-Hydroxynorephedrine (4-OHNE) and 4-hydroxyamphetamine (4-OHAMPH) are two major metabolites known to persist in the brain longer than AMPH. The contribution of AMPH metabolites for its neurotoxicity is undetermined. We evaluated the toxicity of AMPH and its metabolites 4-OHNE and 4-OHAMPH, obtained by chemical synthesis, in human dopaminergic differentiated SH-SY5Y neurons. Cells were exposed to AMPH (concentration range 0–5 mM) or 4-OHAMPH or 4-OHNE (concentration range 0–10 mM) for 24 or 48 h, and the viability was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage assays. Results showed that for both AMPH and the metabolites a concentration-dependent toxicity was observed. The toxic concentration 50% (TC50) for AMPH and 4-OHNE following 24 h exposure was circa 3.5 mM and 8 mM, respectively. For 4-OHAMPH the TC50 was not reached in the tested concentration range. N-acetyl cysteine, cycloheximide, L-carnitine, and methylphenidate were able to reduce cell death induced by AMPH TC50. Acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining showed evident signs of late apoptotic cells and necrotic cells following 24 h exposure to AMPH 3.50 mM. The 4-OHAMPH metabolite at 8.00 mM originated few late apoptotic cells, whereas 4-OHNE at 8.00 mM resulted in late apoptotic cells and necrotic cells, in a scenario similar to AMPH. In conclusion, the AMPH metabolite 4-OHNE is more toxic than 4-OHAMPH, nonetheless both are less toxic than the parent compound in vitro. The most toxic metabolite 4-OHNE has longer permanence in the brain, rendering likely its contribution for AMPH neurotoxicity.
Synthesis and evaluation of uterine relaxant activity for a novel series of substituted p-hydroxyphenylethanolamines
Viswanathan,Chaudhari
, p. 6581 - 6585 (2007/10/03)
Novel racemic 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-[3-(substituted phenoxy)-2-hydroxy-1-propyl]aminopropan-1-ol hydrochlorides (9a-h) were synthesized by condensing racemic 1-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-aminopropan-1-ol hydrochloride (6) with substituted aryloxymethyloxiranes (8a-h) in DMF in presence of anhydrous potassium carbonate and then reacting with dry hydrogen chloride gas. They were evaluated for uterine relaxant activity in vitro on isolated rat uterus and in vivo in pregnant rats. Their cAMP releasing potential was studied using rat uterus tissue homogenates by cAMP [3H] assay and cardiac stimulant potential was evaluated in dog. All compounds exhibited potent uterine relaxant activity in vitro and produced a significant delay in the onset of labour in pregnant rats; their cAMP releasing potential was higher than isoxsuprine hydrochloride except for 9b and 9c. Finally insignificant cardiac stimulant potential was noted for these compounds when compared to isoxsuprine hydrochloride.
