66121-66-2Relevant academic research and scientific papers
Direct, Regioselective N-Alkylation of 1,3-Azoles
Chen, Shuai,Graceffa, Russell F.,Boezio, Alessandro A.
supporting information, p. 16 - 19 (2016/01/15)
Regioselective N-alkylation of 1,3-azoles is a valuable transformation. Organomagnesium reagents were discovered to be competent bases to affect regioselective alkylation of various 1,3-azoles. Counterintuitively, substitution selectively occurred at the more sterically hindered nitrogen atom. Numerous examples are provided, on varying 1,3-azole scaffolds, with yields ranging from 25 to 95%.
Regiochemistry of N-substitution of some 4(5)-substituted imidazoles under solvent-free conditions
Oresmaa, Larisa,Taberman, Helena,Haukka, Matti,Vainiotalo, Pirjo,Aulaskari, Paula
, p. 1445 - 1451 (2008/09/18)
(Chemical Equation Presented) Imidazole-4(5)-carboxaldehyde and 4(5)-cyanoimidazole were N-benzylated and N-methylated using benzyl chloride and methyl iodide on zinc oxide (ZnO), alumina, and KF/alumina under basic conditions without solvent. Triethylamine (Et3N) or potassium carbonate was added as base in the reactions on ZnO and alumina. Imidazole-4(5)-carboxaldehyde was also benzylated on silica and carbon nanotubes. The effect of bases and solids on the product distribution of 1,4- and 1,5-substituted compounds was investigated. In some cases, the product ratios were different for imidazole-4(5)-carboxaldehyde and 4(5)-cyanoimidazole. In the reactions on KF/alumina the 1,4-product was favored for both compounds. The combination of Et3N and ZnO favored the 1,5-product, however for the nitrile effect was not so pronounced. When N-benzylation and methylation of the aldehyde were performed in the presence of catalytic amount of zinc chloride with Et3N as base, the product distributions were the same as in the reactions on ZnO. Nitrile gave different product ratios on ZnO and in the presence of ZnCl2. In addition, a mixture of N-benzylimidazole and 1,3-dibenzylimidazolium was produced when imidazole was benzylated on KF/alumina. Only the latter product was afforded when two equivalents of benzyl chloride were used.
Synthesis, ocular effects, and nitric oxide donation of imidazole amidoximes
Oresmaa,Kotikoski,Haukka,Oksala,Pohjala,Vapaatalo,Moilanen,Vainiotalo,Aulaskari
, p. 1073 - 1079 (2007/10/03)
Novel 1-R-imidazole-5-amidoximes and 1-R-5-cyano-imidazole-4-amidoximes (R: H, Me, Bn) were prepared from their corresponding nitriles and were tested for their efficacy to lower intraocular pressure (IOP) in rabbits. The ability of these compounds to donate nitric oxide (NO) was studied by observing the stimulation of formation of cyclic guanosine-3′,5′-monophosphate (cGMP) in the incubation of porcine iris-ciliary body. In the incubation experiments, 1-methylimidazole-5-amidoxime and 1(H)-imidazole-4(5)-amidoxime stimulated formation of cGMP indicating NO donating ability of these compounds. 1-Methylimidazole-5-amidoxime lowered IOP significantly after intravitreal injection.
Anodic Cyanation of 1-Methylimidazoles
Yoshida, Kunihisa,Kitabayashi, Hirohito
, p. 3693 - 3696 (2007/10/02)
The electrooxidation of several 1-methylimidazoles was performed in MeOH that contains NaCN at a platinum anode in a divided cell.Replacement of an aromatic hydrogen by a cyano group occurred.With 1,2,4,5-tetramethylimidazole, the 2,5-addition of cyano groups to the imidazole ring was achieved, and besides side-chain substitution occurred concurrently.
Competing Pathways in the Phototransposition of Pyrazoles
Barltrop, John A.,Day, A. Colin,Mack, Arthur G.,Shahrisa, Aziz,Wakamatsu, Shigeru
, p. 604 - 606 (2007/10/02)
Cyano-substituted pyrazoles transpose photochemically into imidazoles by two concurrent paths: (a) 1,5-interchange, probably by 2,5-bonding to a diazabicyclopentene which isomerises by nitrogen 'walk' before rearomatisation, and (b) 2,3-interchange, probably via an intermediate azirine; in sharp contrast, 1,5-dimethyl-3-trifluoromethylpyrazole phototransposes exclusively by the former path.
