68499-56-9Relevant academic research and scientific papers
GOLD COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF
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, (2020/03/05)
Gold compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are disclosed. Certain compounds and salts are active as antibacterial, antifungal, and/or anti-parasitic agents. The disclosure provides pharmaceutical compositions containing the gold compounds. Methods of using the gold compounds to treat bacterial infections are disclosed.
Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationship Study of Antimicrobial Auranofin against ESKAPE Pathogens
Wu, Bin,Yang, Xiaojian,Yan, Mingdi
, p. 7751 - 7768 (2019/09/10)
Auranofin, an FDA-approved arthritis drug, has recently been repurposed as a potential antimicrobial agent; it performed well against many Gram-positive bacteria, including multidrug resistant strains. It is, however, inactive toward Gram-negative bacteria, for which we are in dire need of new therapies. In this work, 40 auranofin analogues were synthesized by varying the structures of the thiol and phosphine ligands, and their activities were tested against ESKAPE pathogens. The study identified compounds that exhibited bacterial inhibition (MIC) and killing (MBC) activities up to 65 folds higher than that of auranofin, making them effective against Gram-negative pathogens. Both thiol and the phosphine structures influence the activities of the analogues. The trimethylphosphine and triethylphosphine ligands gave the highest activities against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, respectively. Our SAR study revealed that the thiol ligand is also very important, the structure of which can modulate the activities of the AuI complexes for both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Moreover, these analogues had mammalian cell toxicities either similar to or lower than that of auranofin.
Efficient synthesis and enzymatic extension of an: N -GlcNAz asparagine building block
Marqvorsen, Mikkel Haarslev Schr?der,Paramasivam, Sivasinthujah,Doelman, Ward,Fairbanks, Antony John,Van Kasteren, Sander Iza?k
supporting information, p. 5287 - 5290 (2019/05/08)
N-Azidoacetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAz) is a particularly useful tool in chemical biology as the azide is a metabolically stable yet accessible handle within biological systems. Herein, we report a practical synthesis of FmocAsn(N-Ac3GlcNAz)OH, a building block for solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). Protecting group manipulations are minimised by taking advantage of the inherent chemoselectivity of phosphine-mediated azide reduction, and the resulting glycosyl amine is employed directly in the opening of Fmoc protected aspartic anhydride. We show potential application of the building block by establishing it as a substrate for enzymatic glycan extension using sugar oxazolines of varying size and biological significance with several endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidases (ENGases). The added steric bulk resulting from incorporation of the azide is shown to have no or a minor impact on the yield of enzymatic glycan extension.
A new approach to the synthesis of lactams of muramic, isomuramic and normuramic acids via intramolecular O-alkylation: Stereochemical features of the intramolecular nucleophilic substitution
Pertel, Sergey S.,Seryi, Sergey A.,Kakayan, Elena S.
, p. 4857 - 4867 (2018/08/06)
The title compounds were synthesized from the selectively protected N-acylated D-glucosamine derivatives, containing α-halo carboxylic acid moieties, via intramolecular 3-O-alkylation. It was found that if the starting compound contains asymmetric electrophilic center, isomuramic acid derivatives were mainly formed, regardless of the configuration of the electrophilic carbon atom. An explanation for the observed stereochemical results was proposed on the basis of the analysis of steric interactions in the molecules of the starting compounds, as well as using the concept of anchimeric assistance. It was shown that N-acetylation of the obtained lactam derivatives and subsequent methanolysis under mild conditions led to the selective cleavage of δ-lactam ring resulting in the formation of the corresponding ester derivatives of N-acetylmuramic acid or its analogues in high yields.
The synthesis of new fluorinated or nonfluorinated sugar phosphonates and phosphoramidates as building blocks in the synthesis of modified hyaluronic acid subunits
Koroniak-Szejn, Katarzyna,Tomaszewska, Joanna,Koroniak, Henryk
, p. 683 - 694 (2017/06/05)
The synthesis of several new fluorinated or nonfluorinated sugar phosphonates and phosphoramidates as building blocks for the synthesis of modified hyaluronic acid subunits is described. These compounds were prepared from d-glucose and d-glucosamine hydro
O-GlcNAc peptide epoxyketones are recognized by mammalian proteasomes
Witte, Martin D.,Florea, Bogdan I.,Verdoes, Martijn,Adeyanju, Oloruntosin,Van Der Marel, Gijs A.,Overkleeft, Herman S.
supporting information; experimental part, p. 12064 - 12065 (2010/01/30)
(Chemical Equation Presented) Cytosolic and nuclear proteins may be subject to both O-GlcNAcylation and proteasomal degradation. By means of activity-based profiling, we demonstrate that O-GlcNAc serinecontaining peptide epoxyketones bind to the proteasome catalytic active sites and thus provide the first clear evidence that proteasomes recognize peptides post-translationally modified with a GlcNAc moiety.
Synthesis of N-acetylglucosamine thiazoline/lipid II hybrids
Ritter, Thomas K.,Wong, Chi-Huey
, p. 615 - 618 (2007/10/03)
Potential inhibitors of transglycosylases involved in bacterial cell wall biosynthesis were synthesized by combining N-acetylglucosamine thiazoline, a potent inhibitor of β-hexosaminidase, with functional groups present in lipid II, the natural substrate of the transglycosylases.
1,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-2-chloroacetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranose as a glycosyl donor in syntheses of oligosaccharides
Dasgupta, Falguni,Anderson, Laurens
, p. 239 - 255 (2007/10/02)
1,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-2-chloroacetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranose was tested as a glycosyl donor for oligosaccharide synthesis via ferric chloride-catalyzed coupling reaction.Glycosyl acceptors tried (6 in all) were O-benzyl-protected D-galactosides having free OH groups at positions 3 and 4, respectively, and similarly protected glycosides of D-glucose and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose unsubstituted on O-4.Existing syntheses of all the acceptors were improved, in four instances by exploitation of Garegg and Hultberg's cyanoborohydride procedure for the conversion 4,6-O-benzylidene -> 6-O-benzyl .Good to excellent yields of β-linked disaccharides were obtained from the galactoside and glucoside acceptors, but with allyl 2-acetamido-3,6-di-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranoside, stereoselectivity was lost (α:β-ratio 1:2).Allyl and benzyl 2-acetamido-3,6-di-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosides gave, respectively, the allyl and benzyl β-glycosides of the donor as major products.A mechanism is proposed for this transglycosidation reaction.The N-chloroacetyl groups in the disaccharide products were readily converted into N-acetyl by reduction with zinc-acetic acid.
Protected glycosides and disaccharides of 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose by ferric chloride-catalyzed coupling.
Kiso,Anderson
, p. 309 - 323 (2007/10/02)
The ferric chloride-catalyzed glycosylation of hydroxy compounds by protected 2-acylamino-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose 1-acetates is described. In addition to known glycosides from the reaction of alcohols with 2-acetamido-1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose (3), ally (and other alkyl) beta-glycosides were obtained from the N-benzoyl, N-phenoxyacetyl, N-methoxyacetyl, N-chloroacetyl, and N-phthaloyl congeners of 3. The latter compounds, except for the N-phthaloyl derivative, gave oxazolines in the absence of an alcoholic reactant. Compound 3 and the related N-benzoyl, N-chloroacetyl, N-acetyl-3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl, and N-acetyl-4-O-acetyl-3,6-di-O-benzyl derivatives were coupled to one or more protected sugars to form protected, beta-linked disaccharides. Coupling at the 6-positions of acceptors proceeded smoothly and gave 67-80% yields. For successful coupling at positions 3 and 4, long reaction times and multiple additions of glycosyl donor were required, and yields ranged from 60% to as low as 30%. 1,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-2-(chloroacetamido)-2-deoxy-beta-D- glucopyranose appeared to be the most reactive glycosyl donor in this series. The reaction of 2-methyl-(3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-1,2-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucopyrano)[2,1- d]-2-oxazoline (derived from 3) with allyl alcohol was catalyzed by ferric chloride, and oxazolines were detected as intermediates in some of the glycosylations of protected sugars.
Haloacetamido analogues of 2-amino-2-deoxy-d-glucose and 2-amino-2-deoxy-d-galactose. Syntheses and effects on the Friend murine erythroleukemia
Fondy,Roberts,Tsiftsoglou,Sartorelli
, p. 1222 - 1225 (2007/10/07)
2-Deoxy-2(haloacetamido)-D-glucose and 2-deoxy-2-(haloacetamido)-D-galactose (fluoro, chloro, and bromo) were prepared by de-O-acetylation of the appropriate 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-(haloacetamido)-β-D-hexose with triethylamine. The 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-(chloroacetamido)- and 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-(bromoacetamido)-β-D-hexoses were produced by condensation of a haloacetyl anhydride with 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-amino-2-deoxy-β-D-hexose hydrochloride in pyridine. The hydrochlorides were converted to free bases for condensation with fluoroacetic acid in the presence of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide to produce 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-(fluoroacetamido)-β-D-hexoses. The chloroacetamido and bromoacetamido derivatives were from 3- to 12-fold more toxic on a molar basis to BDF1 mice when administerd as lipophilic tetra-O-acetates than as the free sugars; no significant difference existed between the glucose and galactose forms. The fluoroacetamido analogue of the glucose series was fivefold more toxic than the comparable fluoroacetamido derivative of the galactose series; no difference existed in the toxicities of the free sugars and the tetra-O-acetates with either of the fluoseries; no difference existed in the toxicities of the free sugars and the tetra-O-acetates with either of the fluoroacetamide-containing hexoses. Cytotoxicity against log-phase cultured Friend erythroleukemia cells was greatest with the tetra-O-acetylated bromoacetamido derivatives in both the gluco and galacto series, these agents being three- to fourfold more cytotoxic than tetra-O-acetylated chloroacetamido derivatives and 20-fold more cytotoxic than tetra-O-acetylated fluoroacetamido sugars. The N-chloroacetamido derivative in the glucose series was 50-fold more cytotoxic as the tetra-O-acetate than as the free nonacetylated sugar. These results support the concept that tetra-O-acetylated derivatives of the chloroacetamido and bromoacetamido carbohydrate analogues function as lipophilic alkylating agents and lose biological activity when converted to hydrophilic free hydroxyl forms, whereas the fluoroacetamido derivatives exert their effects as the de-O-acetylated form.
