79864-95-2

Usage

Uses

Succinic Acid-1,4-13C2 (cas# 79864-95-2) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.

InChI:InChI=1/C4H6O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H2,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)/i3+1,4+1

Upstream product

• 79341-57-4 <1,4-13C2>Bernsteinsaeuredinitril 
• 25909-68-6 [¹³C]-potassium cyanide 
• 107-06-2 1,2-dichloro-ethane 
• 106-93-4 ethylene dibromide 

Relevant academic research and scientific papers

Mechanistic and stereochemical investigation of fatty acid and polyketide biosynthesis using chiral malonates

Chiral malonates, (R)-[1-13C;2-2H]malonate and (S)-[1-13C;2-2H]malonate, were synthesised and characterised as malonyl-CoA derivatives with yeast fatty acid synthase using mass spectrometric analysis of the palmitic acid produced. The chiral malonates were used to investigate the steric course of fatty acid synthase from rat liver and the fatty acid synthase and 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase from Penicillium patulum. Malonic acid, activated in the form malonyl-CoA, is a key building block for the biosynthesis of many naturally occurring compounds including fatty acids, flavanones and polyketides. The methylene carbon atom of the malonyl-CoA, with its two hydrogen atoms, is of particular interest since it is at this position that many of the crucial mechanistic events occur during the assembly of these compounds. Detailed stereochemical information about the fate of the hydrogen atoms at this position during the incorporation of malonyl-CoA into these natural products is thus an essential requirement for the understanding of the mechanism and steric course of the enzymic steps involved. This problem was originally addressed by elegant studies in which the tritiated enantiomers of malonyl-CoA were synthesised and used to elucidate the mechanism of yeast fatty acid synthase. Difficulties encountered in this work with the extreme lability of the methylene protons suggested that the use of malonyl-CoA derivatives had severe limitations. This prompted us to devise an alternative strategy based on the synthesis of the more stable chiral malonates although this approach, as will be clear, introduces cryptic stereochemistry which complicates the analytical methodology. This stems from the fact that malonic acid exhibits pro-pro-chiral stereochemistry, having the structure Ca2b2. Thus even if the malonic acid is made chiral, by labeling the paired constituents isotopically with 13C and 2H in the same molecule, the labeled groups will remain essentially indistinguishable to an enzyme. Therefore each chiral malonate will yield a unique pair of malonyl-CoA derivatives, even when activated enzymically. Once formed, each of the malonyl-CoA derivatives will be recognised as a pro-chiral molecule by an enzyme and the labeled substituents will be manipulated stereospecifically. Such aspects have been discussed thoughtfully elsewhere. This paper discusses the synthesis of (R)-[1-13C;2-2H]malonate and (S)-[1-13C;2-2H]malonate and their use to study the mechanism and stereochemistry of fatty acid synthases and the polyketide synthase 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase.

Syntheses of [13C,15N]-Labeled Polyamines

[1,4-13C2, 1,4-15N2]butanediamine (1), a key compound in the syntheses of [5,8-13C2, 1,4,8-15N3]spermidine (2) and [5,8-13C2, 1,4,8,12-15N4]spermine (3), has been prepared as part of a 6-step process from 1,2-dibromoethane using potassium [13C]cyanide and potassium [15N]phthalimide. In the course of the syntheses, it was found that 1,4-dibromobutane was generated from tetrahydrofuran when bromination using triphenylphosphine and tetrabromomethane took place. A high-yield preparation of monobenzyloxycarbonyl (Z) derivative of 1, a precursor for 2, was obtained using a water-soluble Z reagent, Z-DSP, in a two-phase system of alkaline solution and chloroform. All the steps for 1, 2, and 3, were aimed at minimizing the loss of stable isotopes.

Biosynthesis of Porphyrins and Related Macrocycles. Part 41. Fate of Oxygen Atoms as Precorrin-2 Carrying Eight Labelled Carboxyl Groups (13C18O2H) is Enzymatically Converted into Cobyrinic Acid

5-Aminolaevulinic acid and 5-aminolaevulinic acid are synthesised and all three 16O atoms of the latter are exchanged for 18O.The 13C, 18O-labelled material is then converted in vitro into precorrin-2 2 by the combined action of four genetically overproduced enzymes.The product is isolated in its aromatised form, sirohydrochlorin 10 and 13C-NMR shows that all 8 carboxyl groups of 10 retain both oxygen atoms throughout the biosynthesis.A cell-free enzyme preparation from Propionibacterium shermanii converts the 13C,18O-labelled sirohydrochlorin 10 via 2 into cobyrinic acid 4, a late precursor of vitamin B12. 13C-NMR proves that 6 carboxyl groups of cobyrinic acid (b-g, inclusive) retain both oxygen atoms whereas the a-carboxyl group undergoes specific loss of one labelled oxygen atom.

Biosynthesis of the Macrotetrolide Antibiotics; The Incorporation of Carbon-13 and Oxygen-18 Labelled Acetate, Propionate, and Succinate

The biosynthesis of the macrotetrolide antibiotics, in particular nonactin, has been studied using carbon-13 and oxygen-18 enriched acetate and propionate, as well as carbon-13 enriched succinate, in feeding experiments with the producing organism Streptomyces griseus.A protocol is described which allows the separation of derivatives formed from each enantiomer of nonactic and homononactic acids.From a study of the incorporation of the labelled precursors into these derivatives it could be shown that the origins of the carbon and oxygen atoms in each enantiomer are identical.The carbon backbone of nonactic acid is assembled from two acetate, one succinate, and one propionate units, and the C-O bonds at C-8, C-6, and C-1 are derived intact from the primary precursors.Based on these data a new proposal is made to account for the biosynthesis of (+/-)-nonactate, and nonactin, in S. griseus.

The Synthesis of Chiral Malonates and the Determination of their Chirality using Fatty Acid Synthase and Mass Spectrometry

The chiral malonates, (R)-malonate and (S)-malonate, have been synthesised and their absolute configuration confirmed using fatty acid synthase and a novel procedure on mass spectrometry.