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Relevant academic research and scientific papers

Hitchhiker's Guide to Reductive Amination

A comparative study of various widely used methods of reductive amination is reported. Specifically, such reducing agents as H 2, Pd/C, hydride reagents [NaBH 4, NaBH 3 CN, NaBH(OAc) 3 ], and CO/Rh 2 (OAc) 4 system were considered. For understanding the selectivity and activity of the reducing agents reviewed herein, different classes of starting materials were tested, including aliphatic and aromatic amines, as well as aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes and ketones. Most important advantages and drawbacks of the methods, such as selectivity of the target amine formation and toxicity of the reducing agents were compared. Methods were also considered from the viewpoint of green chemistry.

Selective one-pot synthesis of symmetrically and unsymmetrically substituted amines via rhodium catalysed multiple alkylations of ammonia or primary amines under hydroformylation conditions

Symmetrically and unsymmetrically substituted secondary and tertiary amines are selectively prepared in high yields by a one-pot multiple alkylation procedure from ammonia or primary amines with styrenes and/or cyclic olefins, carbon monoxide and hydrogen

Reductive amination of aldehydes and ketones with sodium triacetoxyborohydride. Studies on direct and indirect reductive amination procedures

Sodium triacetoxyborohydride is presented as a general reducing agent for the reductive amination of aldehydes and ketones. Procedures for using this mild and selective reagent have been developed for a wide variety of substrates. The scope of the reaction includes aliphatic acyclic and cyclic ketones, aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes, and primary and secondary amines including a variety of weakly basic and nonbasic amines. Limitations include reactions with aromatic and unsaturated ketones and some sterically hindered ketones and amines. 1,2-Dichloroethane (DCE) is the preferred reaction solvent, but reactions can also be carried out in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and occasionally in acetonitrile. Acetic acid may be used as catalyst with ketone reactions, but it is generally not needed with aldehydes. The procedure is carried out effectively in the presence of acid sensitive functional groups such as acetals and ketals; it can also be carried out in the presence of reducible functional groups such as C-C multiple bonds and cyano and nitro groups. Reactions are generally faster in DCE than in THF, and in both solvents, reactions are faster in the presence of AcOH. In comparison with other reductive amination procedures such as NaBH3CN/MeOH, borane-pyridine, and catalytic hydrogenation, NaBH(OAc)3 gave consistently higher yields and fewer side products. In the reductive amination of some aldehydes with primary amines where dialkylation is a problem we adopted a stepwise procedure involving imine formation in MeOH followed by reduction with NaBH4.

Aminoborohydrides. 4. The Synthesis and Characterization of Lithium Aminoborohydrides: A New Class of Powerful, Selective, Air-Stable Reducing Agents

Lithium aminoborohydrides (LiABH3) are a new class of powerful yet selective reducing agents that reproduce, in air, virtually all of the transformations for which lithium aluminum hydrides is now used.LiABH3's can be readily prepared as solids or generated in situ, are nonpyrophoric, and liberate hydrogen only slowly with protic solvents above pH 4.LiABH3's can be handled in dry air as easily as sodium borohydride and retain their chemical activity for at least 6 month when stored under nitrogen or dry air at 25 deg C.LiABH3's can be synthesized from any primary or secondary amine, thus allowing control of the steric and electronic environment of these reagents.

Aminoborohydrides. 3. A Facile Reduction of Tertiary Amides to the Corresponding Amines and Alcohols in high Purity Using Lithium Aminoborohydrides. Sterically Controlled Selective C-N or C-O Bond Cleavage

Lithium aminoborohydrides (LiABH3), obtained by the reaction of n-BuLi with amine-boranes, are powerful reducing agents for the reduction of tertiary amides to the corresponding amines or alcohols.Lithium pyrrolidinoborohydride (LiPyrrBH3) and lithium diisopropylaminoborohydride (LiH3BN(i-Pr)2) reduce both aliphatic and aromatic tertiary amides to give either the corresponding alcohol or amine, depending on the steric requirement of the tertiary amide and the LiABH3 used.The yields of amines and alcohols from this procedure range from very good to essentially quantitative.

Synthesis and Properties of Sterically Hindered Tertiary Amines and Guanidines

Sterically hindered tertiary amines 7,8,14,17 are synthesized by reaction of the iminium salts 3,4, and 16 with Grignard compounds 5,12 or alkyllithium compounds 11,13.Hindered guanidines 24 are prepared from chloroformamidinium 22 or (dichloromethane)iminium salts 26 and primary amines 23.The pKa values of the amines 7,8,17, and guanidines 24 are measured, and their alkylation with methyl fluorosulfonate (31) is studied.